Optimization of Antimicrobial Treatment to Minimize Resistance Selection

Abstract

Optimization of antimicrobial treatment is a cornerstone in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Various national and international authorities and professional veterinary and farming associations have released generic guidelines on prudent antimicrobial use in animals. However, these generic guidelines need to be translated into a set of animal species- and disease-specific practice recommendations. This article focuses on prevention of antimicrobial resistance and its complex relationship with treatment efficacy, highlighting key situations where the current antimicrobial drug products, treatment recommendations, and practices may be insufficient to minimize antimicrobial selection. The authors address this topic using a multidisciplinary approach involving microbiology, pharmacology, clinical medicine, and animal husbandry. In the first part of the article, we define four key targets for implementing the concept of optimal antimicrobial treatment in veterinary practice: (i) reduction of overall antimicrobial consumption, (ii) improved use of diagnostic testing, (iii) prudent use of second-line, critically important antimicrobials, and (iv) optimization of dosage regimens. In the second part, we provided practice recommendations for achieving these four targets, with reference to specific conditions that account for most antimicrobial use in pigs (intestinal and respiratory disease), cattle (respiratory disease and mastitis), dogs and cats (skin, intestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory disease), and horses (upper respiratory disease, neonatal foal care, and surgical infections). Lastly, we present perspectives on the education and research needs for improving antimicrobial use in the future.

Feline panleukopenia viral infection in cats: Application of some molecular methods used for its diagnosis

“…Seven control cats exposed to soft death according to protocol issued by animal rights organizations as follows: (a) They received the first injection as sedation using tranquilizer Acepromazin 1% intramuscular followed by ketamine 10% intramuscular. (b) They received Pentobarboturate intravenous at rate of 150 mg/kg b.w as rapid injection [14], [15], [16], [17]. Moreover, pieces of mesenteric lymph nodes jejunum and ilium, of all 47 scarified cat carcasses had taken and used for viral gene expression analysis, DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis.…”

Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from ambulatory practice and from a referral hospital

“…Prudent use of antimicrobials hopefully will promote good efficacy in clearing bacterial infections while limiting the increase in bacterial resistance . Many facets contribute to achieving this balance beginning with correct identification of the specific pathogenic threats, and followed by careful selection of appropriate antimicrobials, which requires awareness of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties as well as their MICs for specific pathogens.…”

Current Status of Antimicrobial Resistance and Prospect for New Vaccines against Major Bacterial Bovine Mastitis Pathogens

“…Antimicrobials infused into the mammary glands can be excreted to the environment through leakage of milk from the antimicrobial-treated udder or absorbed into the body and enter the blood circulation and biotransformed in the liver or kidney and excreted from the body through urine or feces into the environments [39][40][41][42]. Similarly, antimicrobials administered through parenteral routes for the treatment of acute or peracute mastitis or other diseases of dairy cows will enter the blood circulation and biotransformed in the liver or kidney and excreted from the body through urine or feces into the environments [39][40][41][42]. Therefore, both parenteral and intramammary administration of antibiotics has a significant impact on other commensals or opportunistic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and farm environments.…”