Current Status of Antimicrobial Resistance and Prospect for New Vaccines against Major Bacterial Bovine Mastitis Pathogens

Abstract

Economic losses due to bovine mastitis is estimated to be $2 billion in the United States alone. Antimicrobials are used extensively in dairy farms for prevention and treatment of mastitis and other diseases of dairy cattle. The use of antimicrobials for treatment and prevention of diseases of dairy cattle needs to be prudent to slow down the development, persistence, and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from dairy farms to humans, animals, and farm environments. Because of public health and food safety concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial residues in meat and milk, alternative approaches for disease control are required. These include vaccines, improvements in housing, management practices that reduce the likelihood and effect of infectious diseases, management systems and feed formulation, studies to gain a better understanding of animal behavior, and the development of more probiotics and competitive exclusion products. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from cases of mastitis and dairy farm environments is important for treatment decisions and proper design of antimicrobial-resistance mitigation measures. It also helps to determine emergence, persistence, and potential risk of the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistome from these reservoirs in dairy farms to humans, animals, and farm environments.

Prevalence of Mastitis and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from CMT Positive Milk Samples Obtained from Dairy Cows, Camels, and Goats in Two Pastoral Districts in Southern Ethiopia

“…There is no doubt that antimicrobial usage in food animal production leads to an increase in AMR [ 34 , 35 ]. Dairy farms may serve as a source of antimicrobial-resistant human pathogenic bacteria, especially extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing E. coli [ 33 , 36 ] and colistin-resistant E. coli [ 37 ]. Extensive use of third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) in dairy cattle for the prevention and treatment of mastitis [ 31 , 38 , 39 ] and other diseases of dairy cattle [ 40 , 41 ] could result in the carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL Ent) [ 33 , 42 , 43 ].…”

AntimicrobialResistance and Virulence of Shiga-Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Milk Samples of Some Cattle Farms Al-Buḥayrah Governorate Egypt

“…However, in recent years, pathogens such as E. coli that are resistant to several antibacterials have been discovered, which may be spread from cattle to humans through milk. [24,25]. AMR investigation studies have selected E. coli as a sentinel pathogen in investigation studies related to antibiotic resistance because of its ease acquisition of resistance and its presence in the intestinal tract of humans and animals [26].…”

Evaluation of Immunogenicity and Dose Dependent Immune Response Against Common Bovine Originated Mastitogens in Rabbit Model

“…Bovine mastitis is primarily caused by numerous mastitogens having devastating effects on dairy industry and public health globally in terms of decreased milk quantity and deteriorated milk quality (Ruegg, 2017;Dego, 2020). The dairy industry across globe costs ~ US$ 200 per cow per year on account of mastitis (Krishnamoorthy et al, 2021).…”