Optimization of an in vitro gut microbiome biotransformation platform with chlorogenic acid as model compound: From fecal sample to biotransformation product identification

Abstract

Optimization of an in vitro gut microbiome biotransformation platform w ith chlorogenic acid as model compound : from fecal sample to biotransformation product identification Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis -

Simulated Gastrointestinal Biotransformation of Chlorogenic Acid, Flavonoids, Flavonolignans and Triterpenoid Saponins in Cecropia obtusifolia Leaf Extract

“…Subsequently, these metabolites gradually disappeared after 30-48 h, except for C2, which remained stable and accumulated after 48 h. A targeted search for other potential metabolites was performed. Contrary to expectations, metabolites such as dihydrochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quinic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid, 3-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxyphenyl ethanol, and hydroxyl benzaldehyde were not detected [18,22]. It seems possible that these results are due to a fast conversion of chlorogenic acid to the final metabolites detected in this investigation.…”

“…Metabolite C1 was produced by the hydrogenation (reduction) of caffeic acid, while C2 and C3 were formed by the subsequent dehydroxylation of C1. These findings are in agreement with those reported previously in the literature [18,22]. C1, C2, and C3 were rated as interesting by the MLM with ranking scores of 529, 107, and 418 out of 10 534 features, respectively.…”

“…Similar to previous reports in the literature, it was observed that the biotransformation of polyphenols described in this paper occurred mainly in the colon phase [18,22]. With regard to chlorogenic acid (1) in the samples, its biotransformation was interpreted based on a comparison with the positive control sample containing the pure chlorogenic acid (reference standard).…”

“…▶ Fig. 7 In vitro biotransformation of saponin triterpenoids (19)(20)(21)(22). 19 = Niga-ichigoside F2; 20 = buergericic acid 28-O-glucoside; 21 = kaji-ichigoside F1; 22 = tormentoside; T1 = 2α,3α,19α,23-tetrahydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid; T2 = buergericic acid; T3 = euscaphic acid and tormentic acid.…”

Compound Characterization and Metabolic Profile Elucidation after In Vitro Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Biotransformation of an Herniaria hirsuta Extract Using Unbiased Dynamic Metabolomic Data Analysis

“…The digestive juices and fecal suspension were formulated corresponding to the human conditions, previously described by Breynaert et al and Peeters et al [23,34]. Small adaptations to the method were made [35]. Briefly, the pepsin solution was prepared by dissolving 16% (w/v) of pepsin powder in 0.1 M HCl (622,000 FIP-U 100 mL −1 ).…”