Optimization of a Semimetallic Friction Material Formulation

Abstract

A semimetallic friction material formulation consisting of Al 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , brass chips, graphite, NBR (nitrile rubber), steel wool, and benzoxazine (a ring-opening polymerized phenolic) with high friction coefficient () and low wear was developed using the Golden Section approach to search the optimal volume fraction of each ingredient in the formulations. All raw materials used were divided into three groups: fibers, fillers, and binder. The volume fraction of each ingredient in the formulations was calculated by means of, were proposed to correlate the compositional dependence of wear and . The least-squares error method was utilized to calculate the effect of each ingredient on and wear. Experimental and calculated results proved that both brass chips and B 2 O 3 play important roles in enhancing . After doing 18 formulation experiments that preformed using Friction Assessment and Screening Test (FAST), an optimized formulation (BB-17) with high (average ¼ 0.701) and low wear (w ¼ 4.74%) was obtained.

Development of eco-friendly brake friction composites containing flax fibers

“…Benzexazine is an open-ring polymerized phenolic resin and it has been used as binder to replace phenolic resin in brake friction materials. 15,16 The synthesis and curing reactions of cardanol-based benzoxazine are shown in Figure 1(a) and (b), respectively. 14 Due to the long flexible methylene side chain in the cardanol-based benzoxazine, it can be used as toughening for phenolic resin.…”

Semimetallic Brake Friction Materials Containing ZrSiO4: Friction Performance and Friction Layers Evaluation

“…S EMIMETALLIC BRAKE FRICTION materials, composed mainly of metallic fibers and powders (steel wool, copper and brass chips, and iron powder), were developed in the 1980s and they are still utilized as a main type of friction material in automobile brake industry [1][2][3]. Generally, friction composites designed for car brake linings (often composed of more than 10 ingredients) have to meet some requirements such as high and stable friction coefficient (), low wear rate, low cost, and they should be composed of Figures 1 and 6-8 appear in color online: http://jcm.sagepub.com environment friendly ingredients and should be noiseless.…”

“…is used as the volume fraction of the ingredients within the friction formulations. Several semimetallic, nonasbestos organic (NAO) including low metallic, nonmetallic, and ceramic friction material formulations and two industrial brake pad formulations have been optimized using the Golden Section approach coupled with relational grade analysis [1][2][3]8,10]. In the case of semimetallic friction materials, the ingredients can be divided into three groups: metal (m), nonmetal (nm), and binder (b).…”

Semi-metallic Brake Friction Materials Containing ZrSiO4: Friction Performance and Friction Layers Evaluation

“…S EMIMETALLIC BRAKE FRICTION materials, composed mainly of metallic fibers and powders (steel wool, copper and brass chips, and iron powder), were developed in the 1980s and they are still utilized as a main type of friction material in automobile brake industry [1][2][3]. Generally, friction composites designed for car brake linings (often composed of more than 10 ingredients) have to meet some requirements such as high and stable friction coefficient (), low wear rate, low cost, and they should be composed of environment friendly ingredients and should be noiseless.…”

“…is used as the volume fraction of the ingredients within the friction formulations. Several semimetallic, nonasbestos organic (NAO) including low metallic, nonmetallic, and ceramic friction material formulations and two industrial brake pad formulations have been optimized using the Golden Section approach coupled with relational grade analysis [1][2][3]8,10]. In the case of semimetallic friction materials, the ingredients can be divided into three groups: metal (m), nonmetal (nm), and binder (b).…”