Optimization of a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for the analysis of benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in water samples

Abstract

A simple and rapid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method has been developed for the determination of 11 benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in water samples. Tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) was used as extractant, thus avoiding the use of toxic water-immiscible chlorinated solvents. The influence of several variables (e.g., type and volume of dispersant and extraction solvents, sample pH, ionic strength, etc.) on the performance of the sample preparation step was systematically evaluated. Analytical determinations were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV detection and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The optimized method exhibited a good precision level with relative standard deviation values between 3.7% and 8.4%. Extraction yields ranging from 67% to 97% were obtained for all of these considered compounds. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in real water samples (tap, river, industrial waters, and treated and raw wastewaters).

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“…The results revealed that extraction efficiencies of these solvents were comparable and higher than using the chlorinated solvents. Good sensitivity with relatively lower limit of detection was also obtained [22][23][24][25][26]. Compared to chlorinated solvents, some of the brominated and iodinated solvents have lower toxicity [22,26,27].…”

Fast low-pressurized microwave-assisted extraction of benzotriazole, benzothiazole and benezenesulfonamide compounds from soil samples

“…Water was initially selected in view of the high polarity and water solubility of these compounds, and considering their relatively low K ow [1,8].…”

“…Differently from other micropollutants such as sulfa drugs [2], herbicides [3] and fluoroquinolone antibiotics [4,5], also photochemistry under natural conditions as abiotic transformation path is scarcely efficient in their removal from contaminated ecosystems, as reported for BTRs [6], unless working under hard irradiation conditions or advanced oxidation processes [7]. Moreover, the relatively low octanol-water partition coefficients (K ow ) strongly favour the mobility in water phase [1,8].…”

Combining Ammonium Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate/methyl Isobutyl Ketone Microextraction in an Inexpensive Disposable Pipette with Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Cd and Pd

“…For example, an environment at pH 2-3 favors the extracting of Co, Ni, Cu, Nb, Mo, Cd, Sn, In, Te, Pb, and Bi, whereas pH 3-4 is particularly effective at isolating Be, Sc, Ti, Cr, V, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Zr, Nb, Sn, In, Te, REE (rare earth elements), Hf, Ta, W, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U from a matrix solution. 17 The selectivity of extraction can further improved by replacing APDC with some other specific extractant, for example, tri-n-butylphosphate for aromatic compo-nents, 16,18 diethyldithiocarbamate for Cr, 6 and crown ethers for elements in groups IA and IIA. 19,20 On the other hand, minimizing the spreading of the droplet will require to the selection of an appropriate substrate.…”