Optimization of a continuous ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) process of diesel using response surface methodology (RSM) considering operating cost

Sono-oxidative desulfurization of fuels using heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts: A comprehensive review

“…It was observed in the studies [178] , [181] , [182] , [183] , [184] , [185] that the properties of diesel fuels (density at 15 °C, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, flash point, water content, cetane index) almost did not change after UAODS process followed by extraction.…”

“…One of the most important reasons why HDS is still widely used today is that fuel loss after HDS process is very low [178] . In laboratory-scale studies, after the ODS process, the properties of the fuel are almost unchanged [172] , [179] , [180] , [181] , [182] , [183] , [184] , [185] , [186] , but the loss of fuel in the extraction step (i.e., the reduction of fuel recovery) after the ODS process on large scales can pose a major problem. Moreover, whether the properties such as density, viscosity, cetane number, boiling range distribution of the desulfurized fuel produced in large quantities (factory scale) have changed is a matter of investigation separately and must be checked one by one.…”

“…The operating cost of the UAOD system was investigated [183] in a continuous flow jacketed glass reactor where the glass nozzle through which the aqueous phase (85 wt% FA + 35 wt% HP) flows is placed 3 cm below the US probe tip. Residence time (min), FA/S molar ratio and oxidant/S molar ratio were selected as independent variables at a reaction temperature of 50 °C as constant value and RSM based on BBD was applied.…”

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Fig. 5 DPEs with homogeneous catalysts in the absence of PTC (where 1, [2,5], 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 represent the references [183] , [189] , [184] , [185] , [180] , [195] , [197] , [181] , [179] , [182] , [178] , [187] , [188] , [161] , [186] , [172] , [174] , [196] , [173] , [175] , [171] , [169] , [162] , [166] , [165] , [170] , [163] , respectively). *20 and 15.26 are DPE values calculated for DBT and real diesel oil, respectively, pertaining to reference [189] .

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A Review of the Desulfurization Processes Used for Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil

“…Cavitation is a phenomenon that is attributed to the formation, growth, and collision of microbubbles in the liquid medium, and it generates excessive heat energy and pressure in the reaction medium. The physical and chemical effects of the cavitation phenomena improve the oxidation reaction rate in the UAOD process by increasing the interfacial mass transfer rate between the hydrocarbon and oxidant phases [47][48][49][50][51].…”