Optimization of a commercial brake pad formulation

Lu, Yonglai; Tang, Choong-Fong; Wright, Marcia

doi:10.1002/app.10606.abs

Cited by 7 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…To obtain a dependable design and prediction, the total number of the formulations used in this study is consistent with the literature. 3,4,15…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4 In order to reduce such experimental workloads, relatively high costs of screening ingredients in the friction materials and obtaining a more reliable formulation, attempts have been taken to predict the behavior of friction materials using appropriate theoretical models. So far, several methods have been presented to design and optimize friction materials including: one variable at a time method (OVAT design), 5 using a database, 6 combinatorial approach, [7][8][9] Taguchi design, 10 uniform design, 11 application of chemometrics, 12 golden section principle coupled with relational grade analysis, 3,4,13 multi-criteria optimization, 14 and application of neural networks. 15,16 However, reliability of most of these techniques in terms of accuracy and efficiency is still controversial because of significant nonlinear behavior and strong interactions between ingredients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas this procedure is time consuming and costly, it still appears to be the only reliable technique in the brake friction materials industry. 3,4…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling and optimization of friction materials based on genetic programming and experimental frictional data

Khazaei

Shojaei

2015

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

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A genetic programming technique was employed to develop empirical models for predicting specific wear rate and coefficient of friction on brake friction materials. The models consist of independent variables representing the volume fraction of the ingredients. The average absolute relative error for specific wear rate and coefficient of friction were found to be 1.93% and 1.92%, respectively. The models were also verified by the experimental data used for further control of the formulation. Utilizing Tornado plots, the models were found to be able to properly demonstrate the role of the ingredients on overall tribological performance of the brake friction materials. Moreover, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II method was utilized to optimize the formulation of the brake friction materials in terms of braking performance and final cost of the materials.

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“…To obtain a dependable design and prediction, the total number of the formulations used in this study is consistent with the literature. 3,4,15…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Modeling and optimization of friction materials based on genetic programming and experimental frictional data

Khazaei

Shojaei

2015

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

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“…For wear rate (! ): let M ¼ a ¼ 0 (the left ending point of interval X meaning the best wear rate is 0), the dependent degree function is changed to equation (4).…”

Section: Extension Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first generation of modern brake friction composites was asbestos-reinforced composites. Due to the environmental problem connected to asbestos fibers, 3 the asbestos containing friction composites were replaced by the semi-metallic 4 and non-asbestos organic (NAO) composites. 5 As the new types of NAO composites, both ceramic 6 and eco-friendly phenolic-bounded composites 7 with more comfortable properties were developed recently to solve the environmental problems caused by the toxicity and the small size wear debris containing copper and brass, metal sulfides, whiskers and nanoparticles, and those to be harmful to water resources, atmosphere, soil, and human body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of eco-friendly brake friction composites containing flax fibers

Suo

Yun

et al. 2012

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

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Eco-friendly brake friction composites with good friction performance were developed. The raw materials utilized were selected according to eco-friendly criterion that natural products should be preferably chosen. The formulations are composed of plant flax fiber, mineral basalt fiber, and wollastonite as reinforcements, natural graphite as solid lubricant, zircon as abrasive, vermiculite and baryte as functional and space fillers, and cardanol-based benzoxazine-toughened phenolic resin as binder. To isolate the flax fibers, chemical and physical methods including drying, room temperature alkaline solution, and acid steam treatment were performed and fibers with micro-fibrillated structure on the surface were formed. A new cardanol-based benzoxazine synthesized by the reactions among cardanol, aniline, and formaldehyde was used as toughening for phenolic resin. The effects of both the content of treated flax fibers and friction temperature on friction performance, friction coefficient and specific wear rate, of the friction composites were evaluated by the extension evaluation method.

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Semimetallic Brake Friction Materials Containing ZrSiO4: Friction Performance and Friction Layers Evaluation

Matějka

Martynková

et al. 2009

Journal of Composite Materials

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The effect of ZrSiO4 (zircon) content on friction performance and friction surfaces of semimetallic brake friction materials is discussed. The experimental results indicate that the varying content of zircon affects the friction performance as well as plays crucial role in the iron film formation on the friction surfaces. The friction layers, formed during friction process, were carefully characterized using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction methods. The phenomenon of two different types of iron film formation (film I and film II) on the friction surfaces is proposed and their formation and destruction mechanism is described. Despite the compositions of both iron films being similar, film I is formed by steel wool itself and film II by the debris from either disc or steel wool. The relationships among formulation, friction performance, and friction surfaces are summarized.

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Optimization of a commercial brake pad formulation

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Modeling and optimization of friction materials based on genetic programming and experimental frictional data

Modeling and optimization of friction materials based on genetic programming and experimental frictional data

Development of eco-friendly brake friction composites containing flax fibers

Semimetallic Brake Friction Materials Containing ZrSiO4: Friction Performance and Friction Layers Evaluation

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