Optimization and characterization of cold-active endoglucanase produced by Aspergillus terreus strain AKM-F3 grown on sugarcane bagasse

Abstract

IntroductionPsychrotolerants are a more diverse group than true psychrophiles. The habitat of the latter is permanent cold regions, whereas the former can thrive in cold regions and also where mesophiles grow. The optimum and maximum growth temperatures for psychrotolerants are ≥15 °C and ≤40 °C, respectively (Morita and Moyer, 2001). Psychrotolerants can be found in deep oceans, Antarctica, the Arctic, high mountains, and man-made refrigerated systems (Russell and Cowan, 2006). There are few reports of psychrotolerant bacteria (Baghel et al., 2005;Maharana and Ray, 2013) and microfungi (Nazir et al., 2010;Maharana and Ray, 2014a) from the soil of India. The temperature of Jammu, India (32.73°N, 74.87°E) rarely reaches 37 °C and temperatures in the winter months occasionally fall below freezing.Extremozymes are seen to have immense future application in various fields of science. Enzymes from psychrotolerants are more adaptable than those from mesophiles and psychrophiles due to their wider range of temperature stability. Cold-active enzymes (CAEs) like lipase, cellulase, amylase, and protease produced from psychrotolerants are widely used in many industries, like the detergent, food, and textile industries; moreover, there is a high need for CAEs for biodegradation and bioremediation purposes in cold regions (Margesin and Schinner, 1999). Carboxymethyl cellulases (CMCase) or endoglucanases (EGs) (β-1,4-endoglucanase, EC 3.2.1.4) are inducible enzymes that are synthesized by microorganisms during their growth on cellulosic materials. In the textile industry, cold-active endoglucanases (CAEGs) can be used to remove unwanted extra fibrils from clothes so that the fabric is smoother and the clothes have increased longevity (Kumar et al., 2011). A higher temperature (60-70 °C) is needed for the saccharification of cellulose slurry and so more energy is consumed, which can be saved by the introduction of CAEGs to the slurry. Most reports of EGs were from fungi rather than bacteria and several researchers have reported on EGs produced from

Cloning, expression and characterization of a cold-adapted endo-1, 4-β-glucanase from Citrobacter farmeri A1, a symbiotic bacterium of Reticulitermes labralis

“…However, the biological conversion of cellulose to bioethanol is typically performed at relatively high temperatures (50–60 °C), which can increase energy consumption and production costs (Cavicchioli et al, 2011; Tiwari et al, 2015) Cold-adapted EglCs can also be used in the degradation of polymer in pulp and paper processes, stonewashing and biopolishing of textiles, and in the food, silage and feed industries (Kasana & Gulati, 2011). Based on these applications, cold-adapted EglCs have attracted increased attention (Maharana & Ray, 2015; Gerday et al, 2000). However, few cold-adapted β -glucanases have been identified and cloned to date (Bhat et al, 2013; Cavicchioli et al, 2011)…”

Industrial Applications of Endoglucanase Obtained from Novel and Native Trichoderma atroviride

“…36,37 Metal ions can cause either inhibition of enzyme or activation, based on the nature of the cations. 36 Determining the effect of metal ions on enzyme hydrolysis is important because many industrial applications require their addition at various stages of the process, and the greater part of the enzymes requires a specific metal ion as a cofactor for their catalytic activity.…”

Extracellular Cold Active Endoglucanase and Pigment Producing Psychrotolerant Penicillium Pinophilum

“…EGs have many industrial applications, can be used to remove unwanted extra fibrils from clothes [1] and can also save energy consumption during the saccharification of cellulose slurry at a low temperature in spite of doing at higher temperature i.e. 60-70 °C [2]. Most reports of EGs were from fungi rather than bacteria.…”

“…Production of cellulase by Penicillium purpurogenum was investigated [3]. However, there are few reports on Cold Active Endoglucanases (CAEGs) from either fungal [2,[4][5][6][7][8][9] or bacterial [7,10] origins. Penicillium spp.…”