“…However, there is currently limited research on the compositional changes in heavy oil after the injection of hydrocarbons, , as well as the comparison of miscibility pressures. − Moreover, the density, viscosity, and composition of heavy oil are significantly influenced by gas injection, which in turn affects displacement efficiency. − To address these issues, this study investigates the effects of CO 2 , natural gas, and nitrogen injection on the heavy oil viscosity, density, expansion ratio, and compositional changes through indoor experiments. It explores the minimum miscibility pressures and displacement effects of different gases, aiming to provide insights for the selection of gas injection methods in heavy oil fields and improve the mechanisms of gas injection for enhanced heavy oil recovery. …”