China's unconventional oil: A review of its resources and outlook for long-term production

Wang, Jianliang; Feng, Lianyong; Steve, Mohr; Tang, Xu; Gail, Tverberg E.; Höök, Mikael

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.042

Cited by 108 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In a separate study, Wang et al (2016a) used the same MCGW forecast model but obtained different results (with the peak at 2014, and with peak production at 167 Mt/year). The main reason for the difference is that URR was 19.3 Gt in Wang et al (2015) and lower, at 12.8 Gt, in Wang et al (2016a).…”

Section: Reasons For Differencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The different URR assumptions are the main reason for this significant difference. As pointed out by Wang et al (2015), there are no national systematic assessments for URR of each type of China's non-conventional oil resources. Therefore, URR assumptions in both two scenarios are not specific URR estimates.…”

Section: Non-conventional Oil Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As can be seen so far, we have found only two such studies. Wang et al (2015) carried out the first quantitative study of China's long-term non-conventional oil production by using two scenarios. The results under these two scenarios differ significantly.…”

Section: Non-conventional Oil Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 1 shows that the lowest URR value is 8.2 Gigatonnes (Gt) according to EWG (2007a), while the highest is 24.6 Gt from Wang and Feng (2016). Wang et al (2015) used the Multi-Cycle Generalized Weng (MCGW) model to forecast that Chinese oil production will peak at 2025, with a peak production of 195 Mt/year. In a separate study, Wang et al (2016a) used the same MCGW forecast model but obtained different results (with the peak at 2014, and with peak production at 167 Mt/year).…”

Section: Reasons For Differencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…1. The study of Wang et al (2015) is the first study known to us that breaks out the conventional oil production and non-conventional oil production separately, by collecting the nonconventional oil production data from various sources (See Fig. 1).…”

Section: Reasons For Differencementioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of physical supply and EROI of fossil fuels in China

et al. 2017

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This paper reviews China's future fossil fuel supply from the perspectives of physical output and net energy output. Comprehensive analyses of physical output of fossil fuels suggest that China's total oil production will likely reach its peak, at about 230 Mt/year (or 9.6 EJ/year), in 2018; its total gas production will peak at around 350 Bcm/year (or 13.6 EJ/year) in 2040, while coal production will peak at about 4400 Mt/year (or 91.9 EJ/year) around 2020 or so. In terms of the forecast production of these fuels, there are significant differences among current studies. These differences can be mainly explained by different ultimately recoverable resources assumptions, the nature of the models used, and differences in the historical production data. Due to the future constraints on fossil fuels production, a large gap is projected to grow between domestic supply and demand, which will need to be met by increasing imports. Net energy analyses show that both coal and oil and gas production show a steady declining trend of EROI (energy return on investment) due to the depletion of shallow-buried coal resources and conventional oil and gas resources, which is generally consistent with the approaching peaks of physical production of fossil fuels. The peaks of fossil fuels production, coupled with the decline in EROI ratios, are likely to challenge the sustainable development of Chinese society unless new abundant energy resources with high EROI values can be found.

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Section: Reasons For Differencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Non-conventional Oil Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Non-conventional Oil Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reasons For Differencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reasons For Differencementioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of physical supply and EROI of fossil fuels in China

et al. 2017

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Experimental Study on the Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Oil Shales Under Real-Time High-Temperature Conditions

et al. 2021

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The anisotropic mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of oil shale from room temperature to 600 °C were studied using a real-time high-temperature uniaxial rock testing machine independently developed by the Taiyuan University of Technology and an acoustic emission test system. The results indicate that the elastic modulus and compressive strength of the oil shale perpendicular to bedding direction first decrease and then increase with increasing temperature from room temperature to 600 °C and reach their minimum values at 400 °C, showing the characteristics of first softening and then hardening. The threshold temperature of oil shale mechanical parameters in the direction perpendicular to bedding direction is 400 °C. The strength of oil shale parallel to the bedding direction decreases sharply at 100 and 400 °C due to free water evaporation and kerogen pyrolysis, respectively. The threshold temperatures of oil shale mechanical parameters parallel to bedding direction are 100 and 400 °C. The micro-SEM and CT analyses conclude that the transformation of the mineral structure changes the mechanical parameters of oil shale perpendicular to bedding, and the evolution of the fracture structure dominates the change in the mechanical parameters of oil shale parallel to bedding. The results of this study can provide a theoretical data basis for elucidating the in situ pyrolysis of oil shales.

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