Optimal operation of electricity, natural gas and heat systems considering integrated demand responses and diversified storage devices

Abstract

In recent years, the increasing penetration level of renewable generation and combined heat and power (CHP) technology in power systems is leading to significant changes in energy production and consumption patterns. As a result, the integrated planning and optimal operation of a multi-carrier energy (MCE) system have aroused widespread concern for reasonable utilization of multiple energy resources and efficient accommodation of renewable energy sources. In this context, an integrated demand response (IDR) scheme is designed to coordinate the operation of power to gas (P2G) devices, heat pumps, diversified storage devices and flexible loads within an extended modeling framework of energy hubs. Subsequently, the optimal dispatch of interconnected electricity, natural gas and heat systems is implemented considering the interactions among multiple energy carriers by utilizing the bi-level optimization method. Finally, the proposed method is demonstrated with a 4-bus multi-energy system and a larger test case comprised of a revised IEEE 118-bus power system and a 20-bus Belgian natural gas system.

Bilevel programming approach to demand response management with day-ahead tariff

“…A supply-demand game is investigated in a smart grid setting in [24], with generators and loads acting as multiple followers, and a data center server as the virtual leader; a deep transfer Q-learning algorithm is applied for finding the equilibrium. The optimal operation of multi-carrier energy systems is modelled as bilevel optimization problem in [25]. The upper level problem of minimizing the total energy cost and the lower level problem of minimizing the operation and dissatisfaction costs are solved through an iterative procedure.…”

“…The complete single-level reformulated problem is shown below. It consists of the leader's objective (15), the leader's constraints (16)- (18), the followers' primal constraints (6)- (14), an equality relation between the followers' primal and dual objectives (20) as well as the followers' dual constraint corresponding to the primal variables for the battery charge rate r þ i;t (21), discharge rate r À i;t (22), SoC b i;t for t\T (23) and b i;T (24), electricity purchase x þ i;t (25), electricity feed-in x À i;t (26), and controllable load L i;t (27).…”

Reliability evaluation of integrated electricity–gas system utilizing network equivalent and integrated optimal power flow techniques

“…The electricity IC for customer j at bus i is denoted as IC e i;j ðTÞ. Interruptions of the flexible load IC 0e i;j ðTÞ with a duration of less than a certain time threshold v cannot be noticed by customers, as described in (14) and (15) [28]:…”

“…The majority of previous studies focused on assessing the electricity reliability indices in the IEGS planning or unit commitment, while the reliability of the gas system was usually ignored [12,13]. Moreover, the electricity and gas power flows were usually calculated or optimized separately in the reliability evaluation of IEGS [14,15]. Since GFUs and PTGs have made it possible for bidirectional energy exchange between electricity and gas systems, the reliability of IEGS can be improved if the operation of IEGS is co-optimized in terms of both electricity and gas flows as compared with the separate operation in either system [4].…”

Bilevel Optimal Dispatch Strategy for a Multi-Energy System of Industrial Parks by Considering Integrated Demand Response

“…The MES energy cost can be significantly decreased by the thermal demand response, but the cooling and gas DR are not taken into consideration. In [26], optimal operation of hybrid electricity, gas, and heating systems considering IDR is proposed to improve the energy efficiency and the ability to accommodate renewable energy sources. Unfortunately, fewer details are considered in the model of IDR, so IDR is not fully and clearly described.Compared to small commercial buildings and smart houses, the scale of an industrial park is usually larger.…”