Optimal Multi-Base-Station Selection for Belt-Area Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Since underground environments, such as urban subways, tunnels, underground pipe corridors, and mine roadways, etc., are complex and changeable, the software functions of the sensor nodes in underground spaces must be updated regularly to satisfy the requirements of the monitoring center. Software updates cannot be traditionally conducted due to the large number of nodes, the wide distribution range and the poor underground environment; they can only be made using wireless reprogramming. Current reprogramming protocols are all designed for topologically unconstrained networks and are inefficient in routing constrained underground belt-area wireless sensor networks (BAWSNs). We propose a new reprogramming mechanism for reducing the energy and time consumption of the data downstream transmission process in BAWSNs. For network energy optimization, we identified the highest energy efficiency transmission radius. For network base-station location time optimization, an approximate (1 + ε) algorithm that is based on gradient cyclic descent is proposed, which is of complexity O kn 2. The simulation results demonstrate that, compared with classical algorithms, the BAWSNs approximation algorithm can locate the optimal base station accurately with low time consumption. INDEX TERMS Belt-area wireless sensor networks, base station selection, p-center problem, optimization algorithm.

Energy Efficient Underground Wireless Sensor Networks for Disaster Analysis in Hill Stations

“…Z. Duan et al (2019) the author explored the underground wireless sensor network using multiple base station activated belt-area network. The system is developed with gradient descent location mapping algorithm.…”

“…The coverage is increased and node failure is reduced with the presented method. The drawback of the presented approach is handling the dynamic nodes in the network [9]. The soil moisture level is detected through uncrewed aircraft system(UAS).…”

Polarization-independent reflection grating in second-order Littrow for high laser resolving power

“…The power beam splitter, which can distribute the energy of incident light evenly to multiple output directions, is called a multi-port beam splitter [1][2][3][4][5]. These beam splitters are very common optical elements that can be used in couplers [6][7][8][9], quantum teleportation [10], polarizers [11][12][13][14] and polarization detection systems [15,16]. For gratings, the energies of splitting orders can be modulated for various applications [17][18][19][20].…”