Optical ultrafast random number generation at 1  Tb/s using a turbulent semiconductor ring cavity laser

Butler, Thomas P.; Durkan, C; Goulding, David; Slepneva, Svetlana; Kelleher, Bryan; Hegarty, Stephen P.; Huyet, Guillaume

doi:10.1364/ol.41.000388

Cited by 46 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Chaotic systems amplify uncertainties in initial conditions and sources of intrinsic noise [35,36]; only in the last decade has this inherent unpredictability been harnessed for random number generation in the form of chaotic lasers [18,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. For a review of chaotic lasers including their applications to RNGs, see ref.…”

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confidence: 99%

Recommendations and illustrations for the evaluation of photonic random number generators

et al. 2017

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The never-ending quest to improve the security of digital information combined with recent improvements in hardware technology has caused the field of random number generation to undergo a fundamental shift from relying solely on pseudo-random algorithms to employing optical entropy sources. Despite these significant advances on the hardware side, commonly used statistical measures and evaluation practices remain ill-suited to understand or quantify the optical entropy that underlies physical random number generation. We review the state of the art in the evaluation of optical random number generation and recommend a new paradigm: quantifying entropy generation and understanding the physical limits of the optical sources of randomness. In order to do this, we advocate for the separation of the physical entropy source from deterministic post-processing in the evaluation of random number generators and for the explicit consideration of the impact of the measurement and digitization process on the rate of entropy production. We present the Cohen-Procaccia estimate of the entropy rate h( , τ ) as one way to do this. In order to provide an illustration of our recommendations, we apply the Cohen-Procaccia estimate as well as the entropy estimates from the new NIST draft standards for physical random number generators to evaluate and compare three common optical entropy sources: single photon time-of-arrival detection, chaotic lasers, and amplified spontaneous emission. arXiv:1612.04415v3 [physics.optics]

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Recommendations and illustrations for the evaluation of photonic random number generators

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“…have successfully achieved a 2.2 Tbit/s random bits by calculating 62th-order finite differences with 55 LSBs retaining. And in 2016, Butler et al 17. have realized a 1 Tbit/s generation rate using 10 retained valid bits after calculating 7th-order derivatives.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…By optimizing the post data processing method and enhancing the chaotic bandwidth, the chaos-based RNG rate has already exceeded Tbit/s16171921. However, in order to enhance the RNG rate, merging of two random-bit streams processed by bit-revise and LSBs methods were used in post data processing1921 or only “quasi-physical” random bits could be generated since high-order derivative method was needed to acquire additional valid bits exceeded the raw ADC1617.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, in order to enhance the RNG rate, merging of two random-bit streams processed by bit-revise and LSBs methods were used in post data processing1921 or only “quasi-physical” random bits could be generated since high-order derivative method was needed to acquire additional valid bits exceeded the raw ADC1617. These complicated post data processing methods could hardly work on-line since high-speed computing and high-frequency clock synchronization circuits were indispensable.…”

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640-Gbit/s fast physical random number generation using a broadband chaotic semiconductor laser

Zhang

Pan

Chen

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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An ultra-fast physical random number generator is demonstrated utilizing a photonic integrated device based broadband chaotic source with a simple post data processing method. The compact chaotic source is implemented by using a monolithic integrated dual-mode amplified feedback laser (AFL) with self-injection, where a robust chaotic signal with RF frequency coverage of above 50 GHz and flatness of ±3.6 dB is generated. By using 4-least significant bits (LSBs) retaining from the 8-bit digitization of the chaotic waveform, random sequences with a bit-rate up to 640 Gbit/s (160 GS/s × 4 bits) are realized. The generated random bits have passed each of the fifteen NIST statistics tests (NIST SP800-22), indicating its randomness for practical applications.

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“…True random numbers, which are generated from the measurement of unpredictable physical processes, are more secure and reliable. There are various methods to produce true random numbers, such as chaotic systems [3][4][5], thermal noise in electronic circuits [6], and optical noise of superluminescent LEDs [7].True randomness is an essential part of quantum mechanics. A quantum random number generator (QRNG) exploits the inherent randomness of a quantum event to produce true random numbers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantum random number generator based on twin beams

et al. 2017

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We produce two strings of quantum random numbers simultaneously from the intensity fluctuations of the twin beams generated by a nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator. Two strings of quantum random numbers with bit rates up to 60 Mb/s are extracted simultaneously with a suitable post-processing algorithm. By post-selecting the identical data from two raw sequences and using a suitable hash function, we also extract two strings of identical quantum random numbers. The obtained random numbers pass all NIST randomness tests. The presented scheme shows the feasibility of generating quantum random numbers from the intensity of a macroscopic optical field.

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Optical ultrafast random number generation at 1 Tb/s using a turbulent semiconductor ring cavity laser

Cited by 46 publications

References 17 publications

Recommendations and illustrations for the evaluation of photonic random number generators

Recommendations and illustrations for the evaluation of photonic random number generators

640-Gbit/s fast physical random number generation using a broadband chaotic semiconductor laser

Quantum random number generator based on twin beams

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