Optical purity of (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis

Pressurized fluid extraction of carotenoids from Haematococcus pluvialis and Dunaliella salina and kavalactones from Piper methysticum

“…Among the total pigments in H. pluvialis were trans-astaxanthin (1%), lutein (2%), astaxanthin monoesters (71%) and diesters (19%), and other minor carotenoid components and chlorophylls (7%). These results agreed with those found by Renstrom et al [41] in H. pluvialis aplanospores. Total astaxanthin in the extracts was determined following enzymatic hydrolysis (Fig.…”

Muscle Coloration of Rainbow Trout with Astaxanthin Sources from Marine Bacteria and Synthetic Astaxanthin

“…Free Asx is more effectively utilized than cantaxanthin, the former making flesh more reddish than cantaxanthin at comparable flesh concentration [2]. Marine bacteria, as like as natural Asx sources, contained Asx as the 3S, 3'S stereoisomer and primarily as monoester (>90%), with diesters comprising ~8% and the free molecule ~1% [17]. It tends to produce higher coloration in rainbow trout compared to synthetic Asx provided at the same dietary concentration.…”

Production of Astaxanthin and 4-Ketozeaxanthin by the Marine Bacterium,Agrobacterium aurantiacum

“…Bacterium A. aurantiacum produced only the (3S,3' S) form of astaxanthin, which is known as the carotenoid of alga H. pluvialis, 8) while yeast P. rhodozyma 21 ) produced the enantiomer only. Moreover, 4-ketozeaxanthin was not detected either in H. pluvialis or in P. rhodozyma.…”

“…Further biological functions as 1) a vitamin A precursor,3) 2) a scavenger and/or quencher of active oxygen species,4) 3) an anti-tumor promoter,5) and 4) an enhancer of in vitro antibody production 6 ) have recently been reported. With respect to the quenching effect on singlet molecular oxygen, the activity was approximately 500 to 1000 times stronger with astaxanthin than with (X-tocopherol,4) indicating the potential to develop the carotenoid for practical use by the pharmaceutical and food industries, Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, 7) green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, 8) red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma 9 ) and others are known to produce astaxanthin, although they are supposed not to be proper sources for large-scale preparation because of the coexistence of chlorophylls and glycerides that complicate the preparation procedure. Therefore, we initiated a search for marine bacteria which produce this carotenoid.…”