Production of Astaxanthin and 4-Ketozeaxanthin by the Marine Bacterium,<i>Agrobacterium aurantiacum</i>

Yokoyama, Akihiro; Izumida, Hitoshi; Miki, Wataru

doi:10.1271/bbb.58.1842

Cited by 117 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The absolute configuration (3S,3ЈS) of this astaxanthin was found to be identical to that of the astaxanthin produced in A. aurantiacum, other marine bacteria (63), or H. pluvialis (19). The two genes, crtZ from A. aurantiacum or E. uredovora and crtW from A. aurantiacum, are maintained in the E. coli transformants, in addition to the E. uredovora ␤-caro- (Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

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Structure and functional analysis of a marine bacterial carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster and astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway proposed at the gene level

et al. 1995

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A carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster for the production of astaxanthin was isolated from the marine bacterium Agrobacterium aurantiacum. This cluster contained five carotenogenic genes with the same orientation, which were designated crtW, crtZ, crtY, crtI, and crtB. The stop codons of individual crt genes except for crtB overlapped the start codons of the following crt genes. Escherichia coli transformants carrying the Erwinia uredovora carotenoid biosynthesis genes provide suitable substrates for carotenoid biosynthesis. The functions of the five crt genes of A. aurantiacum were determined through chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses of the pigments accumulated in some E. coli transformants carrying various combinations of the E. uredovora and A. aurantiacum carotenogenic genes. As a result, the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway is proposed for the first time at the level of the biosynthesis genes. The crtW and crtZ gene products, which mediated the oxygenation reactions from ␤-carotene to astaxanthin, were found to have low substrate specificity. This allowed the production of many presumed intermediates of astaxanthin, i.e., adonixanthin, phoenicoxanthin (adonirubin), canthaxanthin, 3-hydroxyechinenone, and 3-hydroxyechinenone.During the last 6 years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the genes coding for the enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Many carotenoid biosynthesis genes have been cloned from various organisms, and their functions have been determined (3, 54, 62). Phytoene synthase genes, which mediate the formation of the first colorless carotenoid phytoene from geranylgeranyl PP i (GGPP) (11,46,55), have been isolated from the photosynthetic bacteria Rhodobacter species (5, 31), the nonphotosynthetic bacteria Erwinia species (4,45,60) and Thermus thermophilus (20), the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942 (11), the fungus Neurospora crassa (57), and higher plants (7,50,51,58). Many genes involved in the desaturation (dehydrogenation) steps to convert phytoene to -carotene, neurosporene, or lycopene have also been obtained from the photosynthetic bacteria Rhodobacter species (5, 6, 31), the nonphotosynthetic bacteria Erwinia species (4, 45, 60) and Myxococcus xanthus (16), the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942 (12), the fungi N. crassa (56) and Cercospora nicotianae (15), and higher plants (8,21,48). A second desaturase gene, which mediates the desaturation reaction from -carotene to lycopene, has been obtained from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 (33). The genes coding for lycopene cyclase, which catalyzes the formation of a cyclic carotenoid ␤-carotene from lycopene, have been isolated from the nonphotosynthetic bacteria Erwinia species (25, 45) and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942 (14).Among these organisms, the carotenoid biosynthesis genes of the yellow-pigmented nonphotosynthetic soil bacteria Erwinia uredovora (45) and Erwinia herbicola (4, 22, 60) have been used most frequently in the study o...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Recently, Yokoyama et al (63) have shown that some marine bacteria, including Agrobacterium aurantiacum, are able to synthesize astaxanthin. We have isolated a gene involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis from A. aurantiacum by using an E. coli host that synthesizes ␤-carotene via the Erwinia crt genes (44).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and functional analysis of a marine bacterial carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster and astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway proposed at the gene level

et al. 1995

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“…It might be occurred because total carotenoids content in marine bacteria diet was higher than synthetic Asx diet. Yokohama et al [16] reported that marine bacteria contained free form of Asx was recommended to be good coloration source. The highly fillet coloration of rainbow trout fed diet supplemented with marine bacteria might be related with chemical structure of Asx in marine bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle Coloration of Rainbow Trout with Astaxanthin Sources from Marine Bacteria and Synthetic Astaxanthin

S¹

2015

J Aquac Res Development

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This study was performed to investigate the effects of marine bacteria (Paracoccus sp.) and synthetic astaxanthin (Asx) as Asx sources on coloration (skin and muscle) of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). In the 12-week trial duplicate groups of 30 fish (28.1 ± 0.3g) were fed one of the four experimental diets. Three experimental diets contained 30 mg Asx/kg diet of synthetic Asx, marine bacteria or combined synthetic Asx and marine bacteria. One diet was served as a control diet. The fish fed diet supplemented both marine bacteria and synthetic Asx provided the highest total carotenoids and Asx content in the skin and muscle.

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“…However, all these related enzymes catalyze the simultaneous introduction of a keto group into position 4 of every ionone ring at each end of the molecule, yielding the symmetrically di-keto carotenoid canthaxanthin. Echinenone, with only one keto group, is found as a minor intermediate of the reaction (17,18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

A New Type of Asymmetrically Acting β-Carotene Ketolase Is Required for the Synthesis of Echinenone in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Fernández-González

Sandmann

Vioque³

1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

114

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We have isolated, based on the knowledge of the complete genomic sequence of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, an open reading frame (slr0088) similar to known bacterial carotene desaturases and have analyzed the function of the encoded protein. Surprisingly, this protein has no detectable desaturase activity with phytoene, hydroxyneurosporene, or -carotene as substrates, but is rather a ␤-carotene ketolase that acts asymmetrically introducing a keto group on only one of the two ␤-ionone rings of ␤-carotene to generate echinenone. This is in contrast to the so far characterized ␤-carotene ketolases that act symmetrically, producing the di-keto carotenoid canthaxanthin from ␤-carotene without significant accumulation of echinenone. We have designated this new gene crtO. The function of the crtO gene product has been demonstrated by 1) the biosynthesis of echinenone when the crtO gene is expressed in an Escherichia coli strain able to accumulate ␤-carotene, 2) the in vitro biosynthesis of echinenone from ␤-carotene with cell free extracts from E. coli cells that express the crtO gene, and 3) the absence of echinenone in a Synechocystis strain in which the crtO gene has been insertionally inactivated. The primary structure of the Synechocystis asymmetric ketolase bears no similarity with the known ␤-carotene ketolases. crtO is not required for normal growth under standard or high light conditions, neither is the photosynthetic activity of the crtO-deficient strain affected.

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Production of Astaxanthin and 4-Ketozeaxanthin by the Marine Bacterium,Agrobacterium aurantiacum

Cited by 117 publications

References 14 publications

Structure and functional analysis of a marine bacterial carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster and astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway proposed at the gene level

Structure and functional analysis of a marine bacterial carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster and astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway proposed at the gene level

Muscle Coloration of Rainbow Trout with Astaxanthin Sources from Marine Bacteria and Synthetic Astaxanthin

A New Type of Asymmetrically Acting β-Carotene Ketolase Is Required for the Synthesis of Echinenone in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

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