Optical properties of mineral dust outbreaks over the northeastern Mediterranean

Kubilay, N.; Cokacar, Tulay; Oğuz, Temel

doi:10.1029/2003jd003798

Cited by 114 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…At local scale (geographical distributions), among the studied cases, in areas where the desert dust outbreaks' intensity is maximized, the SH fluxes are reduced by up to 150 W m −2 during day-time and increased by up to 50 W m −2 during night-time. Our findings are consistent with those presented by Mallet et al (2009) and Rémy et al (2015), who analysed the impact of dust storms on sensible heat fluxes over western Africa and Mediterranean, respectively, and substantially higher than the instantaneous perturbations of SH calculated by Kumar et al (2014), who studied a dust outbreak that occurred in northern India (17-22 April 2010).…”

Section: Impact On Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxessupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Subsequently, variations of SH and LE have an impact on the components of the hydrological cycle (Miller et al, 2004b) as well as on the turbulent kinetic energy and momentum transfer which in turn affect near-surface winds and dust emission (Pérez et al, 2006). Moreover, Marcella and Eltahir (2014) and Kumar et al (2014) have shown that due to the presence of dust aerosols in the atmosphere, the day-time surface sensible heat fluxes are reduced, leading to a reduction in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height.…”

Section: Impact On Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The perturbations of the radiation budget at the surface and in the atmosphere determine the DRE at TOA (e.g. Kumar et al, 2014), which indicates the increase (planetary cooling) or the decrease (planetary warming) in the outgoing radiation from the Earth-atmosphere system and is relevant to dust climatic effects (Christopher and Jones, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moulin et al, 1998;Guerrero-Rascado et al, 2009;Rémy et al, 2015) and ground retrievals (e.g. Kubilay et al, 2003;Toledano et al, 2007) or by surface PM 10 measurements (e.g. Rodríguez et al, 2001;Querol et al, 2009;Pey et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct radiative effects during intense Mediterranean desert dust outbreaks

et al. 2018

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Abstract. The direct radiative effect (DRE) during 20 intense and widespread dust outbreaks, which affected the broader Mediterranean basin over the period March 2000-February 2013, has been calculated with the NMMB-MONARCH model at regional (Sahara and European continent) and shortterm temporal (84 h) scales. According to model simulations, the maximum dust aerosol optical depths (AODs) range from ∼ 2.5 to ∼ 5.5 among the identified cases. At midday, dust outbreaks locally induce a NET (shortwave plus longwave) strong atmospheric warming (DRE ATM values up to 285 W m −2 ; Niger-Chad; dust AODs up to ∼ 5.5) and a strong surface cooling (DRE NETSURF values down to −337 W m −2 ), whereas they strongly reduce the downward radiation at the ground level (DRE SURF values down to −589 W m −2 over the Eastern Mediterranean, for extremely high dust AODs, 4.5-5). During night-time, reverse effects of smaller magnitude are found. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), positive (planetary warming) DREs up to 85 W m −2 are found over highly reflective surfaces (Niger-Chad; dust AODs up to ∼ 5.5) while negative (planetary cooling) DREs down to −184 W m −2 (Eastern Mediterranean; dust AODs 4.5-5) are computed over dark surfaces at noon. Dust outbreaks significantly affect the mean regional radiation budget, with NET DREs ranging from −8.5 to 0.5 W m −2 , from −31.6 to 2.1 W m −2 , from −22.2 to 2.2 W m −2 and from −1.7 to 20.4 W m −2 for TOA, SURF, NETSURF and ATM, respectively. Although the shortwave DREs are larger than the longwave ones, the latter are comparable or even larger at TOA, particularly over the Sahara at midday. As a response to the strong surface day-time cooling, dust outbreaks cause a reduction in the regional sensible and latent heat fluxes by up to 45 and 4 W m −2 , respectively, averaged over land areas of the simulation domain. Dust outbreaks reduce the temperature at 2 m by up to 4 K during day-time, whereas a reverse tendency of similar magnitude is found during nighttime. Depending on the vertical distribution of dust loads and time, mineral particles heat (cool) the atmosphere by up to 0.9 K (0.8 K) during day-time (night-time) within atmospheric dust layers. Beneath and above the dust clouds, mineral particles cool (warm) the atmosphere by up to 1.3 K (1.2 K) at noon (night-time). On a regional mean basis, negative feedbacks on the total emitted dust (reduced by 19.5 %) and dust AOD (reduced by 6.9 %) are found when dust interacts with the radiation. Through the consideration of dust radiative effects in numerical simulations, the model positive and negative biases for the downward surface SW or LW radiation, respectively, with respect to Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) measurements, are reduced. In addition, they also reduce the model near-surface (at 2 m) nocturnal cold biases by up to 0.5 K (regional averages), as well as the model warm biases at 950 and 700 hPa, where the dust concentration is maximized, by up to 0.4 K. However, improvements are relatively small and do not happen in all ...

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Section: Impact On Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxessupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Impact On Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct radiative effects during intense Mediterranean desert dust outbreaks

et al. 2018

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“…Three main trajectories of dust from the Saharan source area are distinguished ). The first is over thousands of kilometres and crosses the Atlantic Ocean to the United States, the Caribbean and South America (Chiapello et al 1995;Kellogg et al 2004); the second carries dust to the Mediterranean and Europe (Kellogg et al 2004;Perez et al 2008); and the third transports dust to the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East (Kubilay et al 2003;Middleton et al 2008). Each of these trajectories can be seen at a specific period of the year, with intensity varying annually .…”

Section: Dust-health Relationship -Publication Datementioning

confidence: 99%

Desert dust impacts on human health: an alarming worldwide reality and a need for studies in West Africa

et al. 2012

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High desert dust concentrations raise concerns about adverse health effects on human populations. Based on a systematic literature review, this paper aims to learn more about the relationship between desert dust and human health in the world and to analyse the place of West Africa as a study area of interest. Papers focussing on the potential relationship between dust and health and showing quantitative analyses, published between January 1999 and September 2011, were identified using the ISI Web of Knowledge database (N050). A number of adverse health effects, including respiratory, cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases, are associated with dust. This survey highlights obvious dust impacts on human health independently of the study area, health outcomes and method. Moreover, it reveals an imbalance between the areas most exposed to dust and the areas most studied in terms of health effects. None of these studies has been conducted in West Africa, despite the proximity of the Sahara, which produces about half of the yearly global mineral dust. In view of the alarming results in many parts of the world (Asia, Europe, America), this paper concludes by stressing the importance of carrying out impact studies of Saharan dust in West Africa, where dust events are more frequent and intense than anywhere else.

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Trajectory analysis of Saudi Arabian dust storms

et al. 2013

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Temporal and spatial characteristics of Saudi Arabian dust storms, with focus on associated air parcel trajectories, are investigated using station and gridded weather observations and remotely‐sensed aerosol optical depth (AOD). For 13 focal stations, an extensive pool of 84‐h backward trajectories is developed for dust storm days, and the trajectories are grouped into 3–5 representative clusters based on the K‐means technique and Silhouette Coefficients. Saudi Arabian dust storms are most prominent during February–June, with a mid‐winter peak along the southern coast of the Red Sea, spring peak across northern Saudi Arabia around the An Nafud Desert, and early summer peak in eastern Saudi Arabia around the Ad Dahna Desert. Based on backward trajectories, the primary local dust source is the Rub Al Khali Desert and the primary remote sources are the Saharan Desert, for western Saudi Arabia, and Iraqi Deserts, for northern and eastern Saudi Arabia. During February–April, the Mediterranean storm track is active, with passing cyclones and associated cold fronts carrying Saharan dust to Saudi Arabian stations along the northern coast of the Red Sea. Across Saudi Arabia, the highest AOD is achieved during dust storms that originate from the Rub Al Khali and Iraqi Deserts. Most stations are dominated by local dust sources (primarily Rub Al Khali), are characterized by three dominant trajectory paths, and achieve AOD values exceeding 1. In contrast, for stations receiving predominantly remote dust (particularly Saharan), 3–5 trajectory paths emerge and AOD values only reach approximately 0.6 as dust is lost during transport.

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Optical properties of mineral dust outbreaks over the northeastern Mediterranean

Cited by 114 publications

References 53 publications

Direct radiative effects during intense Mediterranean desert dust outbreaks

Direct radiative effects during intense Mediterranean desert dust outbreaks

Desert dust impacts on human health: an alarming worldwide reality and a need for studies in West Africa

Trajectory analysis of Saudi Arabian dust storms

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