Optical Properties and Morphology of Particulate Carbon: Variation with Air/Fuel Ratio

Roessler, David M.; Faxvog, F. R.; Stevenson, Robin; Smith, George W.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-6137-5_3

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This was expected because the formation of primary particles of elemental carbon (soot) typically takes place inside a flame where carbon-based fuels are burned (29). In contrast, the carbon measured in our tests was concluded to be derived from the lubrication oil.…”

Section: Elemental and Organic Carbon Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Role of Lubrication Oil in Particulate Emissions from a Hydrogen-Powered Internal Combustion Engine

Miller

Stipe

Habjan

et al. 2007

Environ. Sci. Technol.

121

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Recent studies suggest that trace metals emitted by internal combustion engines are derived mainly from combustion of lubrication oil. This hypothesis was examined by investigation of the formation of particulate matter emitted from an internal combustion engine in the absence of fuel-derived soot. Emissions from a modified CAT 3304 diesel engine fueled with hydrogen gas were characterized. The role of organic carbon and metals from lubrication oil on particle formation was investigated under selected engine conditions. The engine produced exhaust aerosol with log normal-size distributions and particle concentrations between 10 5 and 10 7 cm -3 with geometric mean diameters from 18 to 31 nm. The particles contained organic carbon, little or no elemental carbon, and a much larger percentage of metals than particles from diesel engines. The maximum total carbon emission rate was estimated at 1.08 g h -1 , which is much lower than the emission rate of the original diesel engine. There was also evidence that less volatile elements, such as iron, self-nucleated to form nanoparticles, some of which survive the coagulation process.

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Section: Elemental and Organic Carbon Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Role of Lubrication Oil in Particulate Emissions from a Hydrogen-Powered Internal Combustion Engine

Miller

Stipe

Habjan

et al. 2007

Environ. Sci. Technol.

121

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“…We have studied soot particles that originated from fossil fuel combustion [ Pósfai et al , 1999; Pósfai and Molnár , 2000]; compared with these particles, soot in the SAFARI samples had fairly ordered microstructures, and some particles even contained small islands of crystalline material (Figure 6b). The light extinction of soot particles increases with crystallinity [ Roessler et al , 1981]. Another typical feature of the SAFARI soot particles was that they contained minor Si; the electron energy‐loss maps showed the Si to be evenly distributed within the particles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The larger aggregates did not seem to occur in the haze layers, which could be a result of their formation conditions. Studies of diesel emissions [ Roessler et al , 1981] show that the air/fuel ratio affects the degree of agglomeration and volatile contents of soot particles. Those produced at low air/fuel ratios are highly agglomerated and consist primarily of elemental C, whereas particles are less agglomerated and contain considerable volatile organic material at high air/fuel ratios.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 1. Compositions and size distributions of carbonaceous particles

et al. 2003

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[1] Individual aerosol particles in smoke plumes from biomass fires and in regional hazes in southern Africa were studied using analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which allowed detailed characterization of carbonaceous particle types in smoke and determination of changes in particle properties and concentrations during smoke aging. Based on composition, morphology, and microstructure, three distinct types of carbonaceous particles were present in the smoke: organic particles with inorganic (K-salt) inclusions, ''tar ball'' particles, and soot. The relative number concentrations of organic particles were largest in young smoke, whereas tar balls were dominant in a slightly aged ($1 hour) smoke from a smoldering fire. Flaming fires emitted relatively more soot particles than smoldering fires, but soot was a minor constituent of all studied plumes. Further aging caused the accumulation of sulfate on organic and soot particles, as indicated by the large number of internally mixed organic/sulfate and soot/sulfate particles in the regional haze. Externally mixed ammonium sulfate particles dominated in the boundary layer hazes, whereas organic/sulfate particles were the most abundant type in the upper hazes. Apparently, elevated haze layers were more strongly affected by biomass smoke than those within the boundary layer. Based on size distributions and the observed patterns of internal mixing, we hypothesize that organic and soot particles are the cloudnucleating constituents of biomass smoke aerosols. Sea-salt particles dominated in the samples taken in stratus clouds over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Namibia, whereas a distinct haze layer above the clouds consisted of aged biomass smoke particles.

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“…The specific surface area was evaluated as 10 m 2 /g based on reported values for soots extracted from rich flames (Roessler et al, 1981), and fixed throughout the reactor simulation. The reactor volume is also fixed.…”

Section: Implementation In Surface Chemkinmentioning

confidence: 99%

DEVELOPMENT OF A VALIDATED MODEL FOR USE IN MINIMIZING NOx EMISSIONS AND MAXIMIZING CARBON UTILIZATION WHEN CO-FIRING BIOMASS WITH COAL

Felix¹,

Bush²

2002

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Optical Properties and Morphology of Particulate Carbon: Variation with Air/Fuel Ratio

Cited by 23 publications

References 32 publications

Role of Lubrication Oil in Particulate Emissions from a Hydrogen-Powered Internal Combustion Engine

Role of Lubrication Oil in Particulate Emissions from a Hydrogen-Powered Internal Combustion Engine

Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 1. Compositions and size distributions of carbonaceous particles

DEVELOPMENT OF A VALIDATED MODEL FOR USE IN MINIMIZING NOx EMISSIONS AND MAXIMIZING CARBON UTILIZATION WHEN CO-FIRING BIOMASS WITH COAL

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