Role of Lubrication Oil in Particulate Emissions from a Hydrogen-Powered Internal Combustion Engine

Abstract

Recent studies suggest that trace metals emitted by internal combustion engines are derived mainly from combustion of lubrication oil. This hypothesis was examined by investigation of the formation of particulate matter emitted from an internal combustion engine in the absence of fuel-derived soot. Emissions from a modified CAT 3304 diesel engine fueled with hydrogen gas were characterized. The role of organic carbon and metals from lubrication oil on particle formation was investigated under selected engine conditions. The engine produced exhaust aerosol with log normal-size distributions and particle concentrations between 10 5 and 10 7 cm -3 with geometric mean diameters from 18 to 31 nm. The particles contained organic carbon, little or no elemental carbon, and a much larger percentage of metals than particles from diesel engines. The maximum total carbon emission rate was estimated at 1.08 g h -1 , which is much lower than the emission rate of the original diesel engine. There was also evidence that less volatile elements, such as iron, self-nucleated to form nanoparticles, some of which survive the coagulation process.

Friction and wear characteristics of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel

“…Many results revealed that wear and (He and Bao, 2005). To overcome the limitations of plant oil, its chemicals can be modified mainly through transesterification (Forson et al, 2004;Miller et al, 2007;Ssempebwa and Carpenter, 2009;Uosukainen et al, 1998). This process reduces the number of hydrogen molecules in the beta carbon (C) position of the Calophyllum inophyllum (CI) oil substrate, thus, improving the oxidative and thermal stability of biodiesel as an important lubricity property (Makkar et al, 1997;Yunus et al, 2003).…”

Comparative Study on Particles Formation in a Diesel Engine When Lubricating Oil Involved in Fuel Combustion

“…During engine operation, lubricating oil consumption is inevitable and this is the reason why PM emissions were found in a hydrogenpowered engine [24]. The contribution of lubricating oil to PM formation is focused primarily on soluble organic fraction (SOF) [25] and soot [26].…”

A literature research about particle emissions from engines with direct gasoline injection and the potential to reduce these emissions

“…The particulate investigations with various fuels are based on the ethanol ratio [52][53][54][55][56], the additive allowances [57] or the aromatic content [58] in the fuel or on the soot content [7] and the additives [59,60] in the oil.…”