Optical gain in Er-doped SiO2–TiO2 waveguides fabricated by the sol–gel technique

Yeatman, Eric M.; Ahmad, Mohammad; McCarthy, Orla; Vannucci, A.; Gastaldo, P.; Barbier, D.; Mongardien, D.; Moronvalle, C.

doi:10.1016/s0030-4018(99)00171-6

Cited by 67 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The UC phenomenon was first demonstrated for Er 3+ , and the pioneering academic studies were performed on Er 3+ -doped fluoride crystals. 16 A key requirement for the achievement of efficient upconversion mechanisms is to place the Er 3+ ions in a host with low cutoff phonon energy, which allows for large lifetime of the excited state of the RE ions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color tunability of intense upconversion emission from Er3+–Yb3+ co-doped SiO2–Ta2O5 glass ceramic planar waveguides

et al. 2012

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This work reports on the infrared-to-visible CW frequency upconversion from planar waveguides based on Er 3+ -Yb 3+ -doped 100-xSiO 2 -xTa 2 O 5 obtained by a sol-gel process and deposited onto a SiO 2 -Si substrate by dip-coating. Surface morphology and optical parameters of the planar waveguides were analyzed by atomic force microscopy and the m-line technique. The influence of the composition on the electronic properties of the glass-ceramic films was followed by the band gap ranging from 4.35 to 4.51 eV upon modification of the Ta 2 O 5 content. Intense green and red emissions were detected from the upconversion process for all the samples after excitation at 980 nm. The relative intensities of the emission bands around 550 nm and 665 nm, assigned to the 2 H 11/2 / 4 I 15/2 , 4 S 3/2 / 4 I 15/2 , and 4 F 9/2 / 4 I 15/2 transitions, depended on the tantalum oxide content and the power of the laser source at 980 nm. The upconversion dynamics were investigated as a function of the Ta 2 O 5 content and the number of photons involved in each emission process. Based on the upconversion emission spectra and 1931CIE chromaticity diagram, it is shown that color can be tailored by composition and pump power. The glass ceramic films are attractive materials for application in upconversion lasers and near infrared-to-visible upconverters in solar cells.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color tunability of intense upconversion emission from Er3+–Yb3+ co-doped SiO2–Ta2O5 glass ceramic planar waveguides

et al. 2012

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“…Some progress has been made toward fabricating EDWAs by SC-RTA. For example, relative gains of 1.1 dB/cm have been obtained using Yb-Er-codoped silica-titania, but only in a striploaded geometry with fiber coupling and propagation losses so high that no external gain was observed [10]. In this letter, we demonstrate the first practical sol-gel EDWA.…”

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confidence: 97%

Fiber-device-fiber gain from a sol-gel erbium-doped waveguide amplifier

Huang

Syms

Yeatman

et al. 2002

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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Abstract-An erbium-doped silica-on-silicon planar waveguide optical amplifier is described. The active core is a topographic guide formed from aluminophosphosilicate glass doped with erbium and ytterbium. The buffer is formed from silica deposited by thermal oxidation and the cladding from borophosphosilicate glass obtained by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The use of low process temperatures allows relatively heavy doping and careful control of the core etching allows low background insertion losses to be obtained. Spontaneous emission and gain measurements are given and 5.4-dB fiber-device-fiber gain is demonstrated using a 5-cm-long chip pumped using a 980-nm laser diode at 175-mW pump power.Index Terms-Erbium, optical amplification, sol-gel, waveguides.T HE ERBIUM-DOPED fiber amplifier (EDFA) has been highly successful as a low-noise gain block at 1535-nm wavelength. Er-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWAs) have also attracted attention, because of their potential for integration with pump lasers and filters [1]. The main difficulty in constructing an EDWA lies in providing suitably high gain in a short length, which requires high Er doping without concentration-dependent effects.Erbium-doped amplifiers and lossless splitters have been formed by ion exchange in silicate [2] at 980 nm, high pump powers are required. However, pump powers are reduced by codoping with Yb , which has a large cross section and which may transfer energy nonradiatively to the I level of Er . Although erbium may be incorporated in silica by PECVD, difficulties are caused by the low vapor pressure of erbium compounds. There is, therefore, a need to investigate alternative processes for depositing Er-doped silicate glasses, which can also incorporate the range of codopants needed to tailor the Er environment. One possibility is the sol-gel process. Thick layers of silicate glasses can be formed as multilayers, using repetitive cycles of spin-coating and rapid thermal annealing (SC-RTA), with careful control of the annealing temperature [9]. These layers may then be formed into buried channel guides by the conventional route of reactive ion etching and cladding.Early sol-gel guides were mainly based on TiO -SiO . However, TiO is unsuitable for sol-gel optics, because of its high process temperatures and tendency to form crystalline phases, including erbium titanate. Since then, improved guides have been developed using a range of dopants such as P O , B O , Al O , and Ga O . Some dopants have been used to control process temperatures in addition to altering the refractive index. Rare earth dopants such as Nb O , Er O , and Yb O have also been incorporated. Some progress has been made toward fabricating EDWAs by SC-RTA. For example, relative gains of 1.1 dB/cm have been obtained using Yb-Er-codoped silica-titania, but only in a striploaded geometry with fiber coupling and propagation losses so high that no external gain was observed [10]. In this letter, we demonstrate the first practical sol-gel EDWA. The device is based on a ...

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“…6,7 Among the silica-based systems, binary SiO 2 -TiO 2 has been widely used to produce Er-activated planar waveguides by sol-gel route. 1,2,8,9 However, in the silica-titania system, there is a tendency for separation between SiO 2 -rich and TiO 2 -rich phases. Undesirable phase precipitation can take place as a consequence of the thermal treatment, necessary to achieve full densification of the film, or during the reflow process.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sol-gel Er-doped SiO2–HfO2 planar waveguides: A viable system for 1.5 μm application

Gonçalves

Carturan

Zampedri

et al. 2002

Applied Physics Letters

110

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70SiO 2 – 30HfO 2 planar waveguides, doped with Er3+ concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 1 mol %, were prepared by sol-gel route, using dip-coating deposition on silica glass substrates. The waveguides show high densification degree, effective intermingling of the two components of the film, and uniform surface morphology. Propagation losses of about 1 dB/cm were measured at 632.8 nm. When pumped with 987 or 514.5 nm continuous-wave laser light, the waveguides show the I413/2→I415/2 emission band with a bandwidth of 48 nm. The spectral features are found independent both on erbium content and excitation wavelength. The I413/2 level decay curves presented a single-exponential profile, with a lifetime between 2.9 and 5.0 ms, depending on the erbium concentration.

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Optical gain in Er-doped SiO2–TiO2 waveguides fabricated by the sol–gel technique

Cited by 67 publications

References 19 publications

Color tunability of intense upconversion emission from Er3+–Yb3+ co-doped SiO2–Ta2O5 glass ceramic planar waveguides

Color tunability of intense upconversion emission from Er3+–Yb3+ co-doped SiO2–Ta2O5 glass ceramic planar waveguides

Fiber-device-fiber gain from a sol-gel erbium-doped waveguide amplifier

Sol-gel Er-doped SiO2–HfO2 planar waveguides: A viable system for 1.5 μm application

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