Optical, electrochemical and electrical (nano)biosensors for detection of exosomes: A comprehensive overview

BIO bragg gratings on microfibers for label-free biosensing

“…The advances in chemistry, biotechnology and nanoscience have introduced exciting strategies to sense biomacromolecules (Mahmoudpour et al, 2019;Xu et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020) and the interaction events between them (Bhattacharyya et al, 2019;Escorihuela et al, 2015;Schneider and Niemeyer, 2018). Discovering new nanoscale phenomena to transduce biorecognition processes into measurable signals open new potential venues to materialize the benefits that nanoscience offers in key areas of today's society, such as medicine and pharmacology (Prasad et al, 2019;Wong et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020).…”

Pathogen detection with electrochemical biosensors: Advantages, challenges and future perspectives

“…In electrochemical biosensors, the working electrode is a fundamental component used as a solid support for biomolecule immobilization. Among varieties of detection methods and strategies, nanomaterials have an important role in the detection of pathogens, e.g., their biomarkers, toxins, by providing large surface area, high surface to volume ratio, larger loading capacity, and mass transport of reactants [ 9 ].…”

“…In addition to their use in medical and point-of-care applications, they are utilized in monitoring prognosis, disease treatment, quality control for food and environmental samples, drug discovery, forensics, and biomedical research [ 8 ]. Based on their transducers, biosensors can be categorized into different types, e.g., the most common types are electrochemical and optical [ 9 ].…”

Ultra‐Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Bio‐Fluid Biopsy for Oral Cancer Screening

“…Conversely, other emerging techniques, including arrays based on optical, electrochemical, and nano‐transistor detection, are mostly in developmental stages and are yet to be used for diagnosing clinical cases. [ 16 ] Therefore, the development of a non‐invasive, rapid, simple, cost‐effective, and clinically applicable liquid biopsy technique with high performance efficiency is critical for prognosis prediction as well as for directing clinical therapeutic strategies.…”