“…Time-of-flight measurements have included optical [25,26,36,68] and ion probe time-of-flight measurements [29,38], which have been very successful at characterizing the kinetic energy of ablation plumes according to free streaming, drag, or shock models, depending on the stage of the plume evolution. [36] Spectroscopic techniques have included absorption [37] and emission spectroscopy [8-10, 27-29, 91], as well as laser induced fluorescence.…”