Optical-Damage-Resistant Ti-Diffused LiNbO₃ Strip Waveguide Doped With Scandium

Efficient erbium-doped thin-film lithium niobate waveguide amplifiers

“…A maximum net internal gain of 5.2 dB is achieved at the highest pump power of 21 mW, corresponding to a net gain per unit length of > 10 dB/cm, which is comparable with the gain achieved in other Er-doped integrated photonic systems [18][19][20]. When compared with typical bulk Er:LN waveguides (2 -3 dB/cm) [22][23][24], our measured net internal gain is ~ 5x higher, likely due to the more efficient excitation and stimulated emission of Er ions in these strongly confined waveguides. Figure 3(c) shows the measured net internal gain as a function of pump power.…”

“…In fact, Er-doping-based waveguide amplifiers have been realized in many popular integrated photonic platforms, including silicon nitride (SiN) [18,19], silicon (Si) [20] and other metal oxides [21]. In conventional bulk LN waveguides, Erdoped waveguide amplifiers have also been realized, often by diffusing Er 3+ ions into Ti-diffused channel or ridge waveguides [22,23]. Due to the weak optical confinement in these low-index-contrast waveguides (Δn < 0.02) and the diffusion-induced non-uniform Er 3+ion distribution, the optical net internal gain of bulk Erdoped LN (Er:LN) waveguide amplifiers are usually < 3 dB/cm [24].…”

Dopant Occupancy and UV–Vis–NIR Spectroscopy of Sc:Yb:Tm:LiNbO3 in the 300–3000 nm Wavelength Range

“…For high concentration doping in LiNbO 3 crystal, it is difficult to guarantee the material homogeneity for nonlinear optics. [ 15 ] In the mentioned crystals, dopants will modify the properties of LiNbO 3 crystals. To make effective use of these materials, it is deserved to investigate the influence of dopants on the crystal properties.…”

OH−absorption and holographic storage properties of Sc(0, 1, 2, 3):Ru:Fe:LiNbO3crystals

“…In this work, the Sc 3+ (ref. [21][22][23][24] ion was chosen as the doping ion. The ionic radius of Sc 3+ is similar to that of Li + but larger than that of Nb 5+ , and the Sc 3+ -doped LN has been used in integrated optics such as titanium-diffused optical LN waveguides doped with Sc 3+ .…”