Opposite effects of anthelmintic treatment on microbial infection at individual versus population scales

Ezenwa, Vanessa O.; Jolles, Anna E.

doi:10.1126/science.1261714

Cited by 143 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Specifically, intestinal helminths and protozoa may cause reduced energy uptake, pathological damage and decrease their hosts' reproductive success (Hudson et al, 1992(Hudson et al, , 1998Delahay et al, 1995;Hillegass et al, 2010). In addition, they impact the host's immune system and alter gut microbial communities (Kreisinger et al, 2015;Reynolds et al, 2015), potentially increasing host susceptibility to bacteria or viruses (Cox, 2001;Ezenwa and Jolles, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal parasite communities of six sympatric lemur species at Kirindy Forest, Madagascar

Springer

Kappeler

2016

Primate Biol.

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Abstract.Intestinal parasites impact host health, survival and reproductive success and therefore exert selective pressures on hosts' ecology and behavior. Thus, characterizing and comparing the parasitic fauna of different wildlife hosts sharing the same habitat can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying variation in parasitism, as well as the role of parasites as possible conservation threats. Several host traits have been proposed to generate differences in parasite diversity among different host species, including phylogeny, host body mass, host longevity, diet, and differences in ranging and social behavior. Here, we provide an overview of intestinal helminths and protozoa detected by fecal microscopy in six sympatric lemur species in Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar. The described patterns indicate that host phylogeny and diet may play an important role in shaping intestinal parasite assemblages in this system, as the closely related, omnivorous cheirogaleids showed the strongest overlap in parasite communities. No indication was found for an effect of body mass or longevity on parasite species richness. Regarding the effect of sociality, the two group-living lemur species, Propithecus verreauxi and Eulemur rufifrons, harbored directly transmitted parasites at higher prevalence than solitary foragers, but not at higher diversity. Effects of season and sex on parasite prevalence confirm the results of previous studies, with higher prevalence in the energetically demanding dry season and a male bias in parasitism. We highlight the opportunities of exploring the parasitic fauna of wildlife from a community ecology and evolutionary perspective, and identify prospects for future research on lemur parasitism.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal parasite communities of six sympatric lemur species at Kirindy Forest, Madagascar

Springer

Kappeler

2016

Primate Biol.

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“…This can lead to longer durations of infection or immunity escape (reviewed in Maizels and Yazdanbakhsh 2003). Whether and how this Th1/Th2 switch affects the dynamics of the WH system (resident microbiota with the immune response) and the resulting epidemiology is an interesting avenue to consider (e.g., Ezenwa and Jolles 2015). For the microbiome in particular, both responses may be involved in WH interactions, because intracellular bacteria trigger the Th1 response, whereas those that proliferate outside of the cell trigger the competing Th2 responses.…”

Section: Macroparasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasions of Host-Associated Microbiome Networks

Murall

Abbate

Touzel

et al. 2017

Networks of Invasion: Empirical Evidence and Case Studies

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International audienceThe study of biological invasions of ecological systems has much to offer research on within–host (WH) systems, particularly for understanding infections and developing therapies using biological agents. Thanks to the ground-work established in other fields, such as community ecology and evolutionary biology, and to modern methods of measurement and quantification, the study of microbiomes has quickly become a field at the forefront of modern systems biology. Investigations of host-associated microbiomes (e.g. for studying human health) are often centred on measuring and explaining the structure, functions and stability of these communities. This momentum promises to rapidly advance our understanding of ecological networks and their stability, resilience and resistance to invasions. However, intrinsic properties of host-associated microbiomes that differ from those of free-living systems present challenges to the development of a WH invasion ecology framework. The elucidation of principles underlying the invasibility of WH networks will ultimately help in the development of medical applications and help shape our understanding of human health and disease

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“…Since that time BTB has been spreading northward in the park, with prevalence increasing over time throughout the park [22] and just recently crossing the northern boundary of the park, into Zimbabwe [23]. BTB in African buffalo is an excellent system to study immune-mediated interactions between parasites because BTB has moderate effects on the survival of African buffalo [22,24], but modifies the host immune system to ensure its survival within the host for the lifetime of the buffalo [25,26]. For instance, there is evidence that cattle with BTB have a suppressed innate immune response [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enemies and turncoats: bovine tuberculosis exposes pathogenic potential of Rift Valley fever virus in a common host, African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer )

et al. 2015

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The ubiquity and importance of parasite co-infections in populations of free-living animals is beginning to be recognized, but few studies have demonstrated differential fitness effects of single infection versus co-infection in free-living populations. We investigated interactions between the emerging bacterial disease bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and the previously existing viral disease Rift Valley fever (RVF) in a competent reservoir host, African buffalo, combining data from a natural outbreak of RVF in captive buffalo at a buffalo breeding facility in 2008 with data collected from a neighbouring free-living herd of African buffalo in Kruger National Park. RVF infection was twice as likely in individual BTBþ buffalo as in BTB2 buffalo, which, according to a mathematical model, may increase RVF outbreak size at the population level. In addition, co-infection was associated with a far higher rate of fetal abortion than other infection states. Immune interactions between BTB and RVF may underlie both of these interactions, since animals with BTB had decreased innate immunity and increased pro-inflammatory immune responses. This study is one of the first to demonstrate how the consequences of emerging infections extend beyond direct effects on host health, potentially altering the dynamics and fitness effects of infectious diseases that had previously existed in the ecosystem on free-ranging wildlife populations.

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Opposite effects of anthelmintic treatment on microbial infection at individual versus population scales

Cited by 143 publications

References 34 publications

Intestinal parasite communities of six sympatric lemur species at Kirindy Forest, Madagascar

Intestinal parasite communities of six sympatric lemur species at Kirindy Forest, Madagascar

Invasions of Host-Associated Microbiome Networks

Enemies and turncoats: bovine tuberculosis exposes pathogenic potential of Rift Valley fever virus in a common host, African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer )

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