Enemies and turncoats: bovine tuberculosis exposes pathogenic potential of Rift Valley fever virus in a common host, African buffalo (
            <i>Syncerus caffer</i>
            )

Beechler, Brianna R.; Manore, Carrie; Reininghaus, Bjorn; O'Neal, Dawn M.; Gorsich, Erin E.; Ezenwa, Vanessa O.; Jolles, Anna E.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2942

Cited by 21 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…Their ubiquity includes over 270 pathogen taxa and many important chronic infections, such as hepatitis-C, HIV, TB, and schistosomiasis [1][2][3]. Mounting evidence suggests that co-infecting pathogens can interact within the host to influence the individual-level clinical outcomes of infection [4,5]. These interactions may also influence the spread of infections at the population-level [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opposite outcomes of coinfection at individual and population scales

Gorsich

Etienne

Medlock

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Coinfecting parasites and pathogens remain a leading challenge for global public health due to their consequences for individual-level infection risk and disease progression. However, a clear understanding of the population-level consequences of coinfection is lacking. Here, we constructed a model that includes three individual-level effects of coinfection: mortality, fecundity, and transmission. We used the model to investigate how these individual-level consequences of coinfection scale up to produce population-level infection patterns. To parameterize this model, we conducted a 4-y cohort study in African buffalo to estimate the individual-level effects of coinfection with two bacterial pathogens, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) and brucellosis, across a range of demographic and environmental contexts. At the individual level, our empirical results identified bTB as a risk factor for acquiring brucellosis, but we found no association between brucellosis and the risk of acquiring bTB. Both infections were associated with reductions in survival and neither infection was associated with reductions in fecundity. The model reproduced coinfection patterns in the data and predicted opposite impacts of coinfection at individual and population scales: Whereas bTB facilitated brucellosis infection at the individual level, our model predicted the presence of brucellosis to have a strong negative impact on bTB at the population level. In modeled populations where brucellosis was present, the endemic prevalence and basic reproduction number ([Formula: see text]) of bTB were lower than in populations without brucellosis. Therefore, these results provide a data-driven example of competition between coinfecting pathogens that occurs when one pathogen facilitates secondary infections at the individual level.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opposite outcomes of coinfection at individual and population scales

Gorsich

Etienne

Medlock

et al. 2018

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The parasite community structure might also explain the observed virulence. The nature of co‐infections can have consequences for future infection risk (Telfer et al., ) and for host fitness (Beechler et al., ; Johnson & Hoverman, ; Woolhouse et al., ). In the Colesdalen‐Semmeldalen‐Reindalen valley system on Svalbard, where this study was conducted, O. gruehneri is the numerically dominant parasite (Carlsson, Irvine, et al., ; Irvine et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The parasite community structure might also explain the observed virulence. The nature of co-infections can have consequences for future infection risk (Telfer et al, 2010) and for host fitness (Beechler et al, 2015;Johnson & Hoverman, 2012;Woolhouse et al, 2015). In the Colesdalen-Semmeldalen-Reindalen valley system on Svalbard,…”

Section: Effect Of Treatment On Body Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Little impact of over‐winter parasitism on a free‐ranging ungulate in the high Arctic

Carlsson

Albon

Coulson³

et al. 2018

Functional Ecology

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Abstract1. Macroparasites have a central place in wildlife ecology because they have the potential to regulate host populations through effects on reproduction and/or survival. However, there remains a paucity of studies that have demonstrated the regulatory role of these parasites in free-ranging animals. Previous work on Svalbard reindeer demonstrated that the experimental removalof the parasitic gastrointestinal nematode Ostertagia gruehneri transmitted in summer, improved reindeer fecundity, and that the species was capable of mediating a density-dependent reduction in fecundity.3. The main coexisting parasitic nematode in the system, Marshallagia marshalli, exhibits a contrasting life history with low abundances in summer and an increase during the winter. Here, we examine the impact of this over-winter infection on fitness of female reindeer in the same population.4. Worm burdens were removed at the start of the winter in October using a novel delayed-release anthelmintic bolus. Body mass and pregnancy rates were recorded for animals recaptured five (February) and seven (April) months later. The sub-set of treated animals recaptured in February was treated again with anthelmintic to remove newly acquired nematodes. The experiment was replicated over six winters (2006/2007-2011/2012) with a total of 343 recaptures, comprising 145 individual animals.5. We found little effect of anthelmintic treatment on reindeer body mass or pregnancy rates during the winter, suggesting that nematode infection during this time does not significantly affect fitness of Svalbard reindeer.6. Our studies are consistent with marked virulence nutritional trade-offs in this system and highlights the need to integrate studies of parasite co-infection, interspecific competition and community ecology to understand parasite impacts on hosts.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…Until now, disease ecologists have used standard medical and/ or veterinary diagnostic approaches to detect parasites, including microscopy (Hernandez-Lara, Gonzalez-Garcia, & Santiago-Alarcon, 2017;Jolles, Ezenwa, Etienne, Turner, & Olff, 2008), antibody-based techniques (Beechler et al, 2015;Gorsich et al, 2018), and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Telfer et al, 2010). These approaches often suffer, to varying degrees, from three limitations that are relevant for investigating parasites in ecological systems: (a) a lack of breadth, (b) a lack of depth, and/or (c) lack of precision.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating cryptic dynamics of Theileria communities in African buffalo using a high‐throughput sequencing informatics approach

Glidden

Koehler

Hall

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Increasing access to next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies is revolution-izing the life sciences. In disease ecology, NGS-based methods have the potential to provide higher-resolution data on communities of parasites found in individual hosts as well as host populations.2. Here, we demonstrate how a novel analytical method, utilizing high-throughput sequencing of PCR amplicons, can be used to explore variation in blood-borne parasite (Theileria-Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) communities of African buffalo at higher resolutions than has been obtained with conventional molecular tools.3. Results reveal temporal patterns of synchronized and opposite fluctuations of prevalence and relative abundance of Theileria spp. within the host population, suggesting heterogeneous transmission across taxa. Furthermore, we show that the community composition of Theileria spp. and their subtypes varies considerably between buffalo, with differences in composition reflected in mean and variance of overall parasitemia, thereby showing potential to elucidate previously unexplained contrasts in infection outcomes for host individuals.4. Importantly, our methods are generalizable as they can be utilized to describe blood-borne parasite communities in any host species. Furthermore, our methodological framework can be adapted to any parasite system given the appropriate genetic marker.5. The findings of this study demonstrate how a novel NGS-based analytical approach can provide fine-scale, quantitative data, unlocking opportunities for discovery in disease ecology. K E Y W O R D Sdisease ecology, high-throughput amplicon sequencing, next-generation sequencing, parasite community ecology | 71 GLIDDEN Et aL.

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Enemies and turncoats: bovine tuberculosis exposes pathogenic potential of Rift Valley fever virus in a common host, African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer )

Cited by 21 publications

References 51 publications

Opposite outcomes of coinfection at individual and population scales

Opposite outcomes of coinfection at individual and population scales

Little impact of over‐winter parasitism on a free‐ranging ungulate in the high Arctic

Elucidating cryptic dynamics of Theileria communities in African buffalo using a high‐throughput sequencing informatics approach

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