Opioid Abuse as Maladaptive Coping to Life Stressors in U.S. Adults

Hendy, Helen M.; Black, Paul L.; Can, S. Hakan; Fleischut, Alicia; Aksen, Damla E.

doi:10.1177/0022042618783454

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Chronic pain and depression may also lead to suicidal thoughts even in originally healthy individuals [ 13 ], and both passive and active suicidal ideation are associated with mental illness, previous suicide attempts, and chronic pain [ 11 , 13 ]. Some suggest that opioid abuse manifests largely as a maladaptive coping strategy with physical and mental pain and is not solely biological [ 14 , 15 ]. Then, even if there is no conscious suicide intent, poor mental health leads the opioid-worn individual to adopt the mindset “I would not mind dying,” and they can become more reckless in their behavior, resulting in a higher probability of overdose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Suicidality Among Opioid Users on Reddit: Machine Learning–Based Approach

Yao¹,

Rashidian²,

Dong³

et al. 2020

J Med Internet Res

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Background In recent years, both suicide and overdose rates have been increasing. Many individuals who struggle with opioid use disorder are prone to suicidal ideation; this may often result in overdose. However, these fatal overdoses are difficult to classify as intentional or unintentional. Intentional overdose is difficult to detect, partially due to the lack of predictors and social stigmas that push individuals away from seeking help. These individuals may instead use web-based means to articulate their concerns. Objective This study aimed to extract posts of suicidality among opioid users on Reddit using machine learning methods. The performance of the models is derivative of the data purity, and the results will help us to better understand the rationale of these users, providing new insights into individuals who are part of the opioid epidemic. Methods Reddit posts between June 2017 and June 2018 were collected from r/suicidewatch, r/depression, a set of opioid-related subreddits, and a control subreddit set. We first classified suicidal versus nonsuicidal languages and then classified users with opioid usage versus those without opioid usage. Several traditional baselines and neural network (NN) text classifiers were trained using subreddit names as the labels and combinations of semantic inputs. We then attempted to extract out-of-sample data belonging to the intersection of suicide ideation and opioid abuse. Amazon Mechanical Turk was used to provide labels for the out-of-sample data. Results Classification results were at least 90% across all models for at least one combination of input; the best classifier was convolutional neural network, which obtained an F1 score of 96.6%. When predicting out-of-sample data for posts containing both suicidal ideation and signs of opioid addiction, NN classifiers produced more false positives and traditional methods produced more false negatives, which is less desirable for predicting suicidal sentiments. Conclusions Opioid abuse is linked to the risk of unintentional overdose and suicide risk. Social media platforms such as Reddit contain metadata that can aid machine learning and provide information at a personal level that cannot be obtained elsewhere. We demonstrate that it is possible to use NNs as a tool to predict an out-of-sample target with a model built from data sets labeled by characteristics we wish to distinguish in the out-of-sample target.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Suicidality Among Opioid Users on Reddit: Machine Learning–Based Approach

Yao¹,

Rashidian²,

Dong³

et al. 2020

J Med Internet Res

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show abstract

“…, 2014 ); our research suggests negative self-referential cognitions as one potential mediating psychological mechanism. These findings may also have implications for understanding other clinical conditions characterized by a low self-worth, such as borderline personality disorder ( Stanley and Siever, 2010 ) and addiction ( Hendy et al. , 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Shifting the sociometer: opioid receptor blockade lowers self-esteem

Tchalova

Béland

Chanda

et al. 2023

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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Given the evolutionary importance of social ties for survival, humans are thought to have evolved psychobiological mechanisms to monitor and safeguard the status of their social bonds. At the psychological level, self-esteem is proposed to function as a gauge—sociometer— reflecting one’s social belongingness status. At the biological level, endogenous opioids appear to be an important substrate for the hedonic signalling needed to regulate social behaviour. We investigated whether endogenous opioids may serve as the biological correlate of the sociometer. We administered 50 mg naltrexone (an opioid receptor antagonist) and placebo in counterbalanced order to 26 male and female participants on two occasions approximately one week apart. Participants reported lower levels of self-esteem—particularly self-liking—on the naltrexone (vs. placebo) day. We also explored a potential behavioral consequence of naltrexone administration: attentional bias to accepting (smiling) faces—an early-stage perceptual process thought to maximize opportunities to restore social connection. Participants exhibited heightened attentional bias towards accepting faces on the naltrexone (vs. placebo) day, which we interpret as an indicator of heightened social need under opioid receptor blockade. We discuss implications of these findings for understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of sociality as well as the relationship between adverse social conditions, low self-esteem, and psychopathology.

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“…For instance, it is possible that drug use earlier on resulted in poor working and employment conditions, thus increasing the probability of experiencing stressful work in terms of this model [ 29 ]. In addition, we were not able to rule out that genetic or personality traits and maladaptive coping patterns predispose people to become susceptible to drug consumption, as well as the experience of sustained stress at work [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effort–Reward Imbalance at Work and Drug Misuse: Evidence from a National Survey in the U.S.

Matthews

Chen

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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With the rise of drug misuse among workers in recent years, preliminary research on potential risk factors in the workplace of single-type of drug misuse has been reported. This is the first study to examine cross-sectional associations of work stress, in terms of effort–reward imbalance, with multiple drug misuse (including any drug misuse, opioid misuse, sedatives misuse, cannabis misuse, and other drug misuse) during the past 12 months in a national sample of U.S. workers. Data of 2211 workers were derived from the nationally representative and population-based Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Internal consistency reliability and factorial validity of a 17-item effort–reward imbalance measure were robust and satisfactory. After adjustment for relevant covariates, logistic regression analyses showed that workers experiencing effort–reward imbalance at work had significantly higher odds of any drug misuse (OR and 95% CI = 1.18 (1.03, 1.37)), especially opioid misuse (OR and 95% CI = 1.35 (1.07, 1.69)) and other drug misuse (OR and 95% CI = 1.36 (1.01, 1.83)). The findings suggest that a stressful work environment may act as a determinant of drug misuse, and further prospective evidence is needed.

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Opioid Abuse as Maladaptive Coping to Life Stressors in U.S. Adults

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Detection of Suicidality Among Opioid Users on Reddit: Machine Learning–Based Approach

Detection of Suicidality Among Opioid Users on Reddit: Machine Learning–Based Approach

Shifting the sociometer: opioid receptor blockade lowers self-esteem

Effort–Reward Imbalance at Work and Drug Misuse: Evidence from a National Survey in the U.S.

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