“…Not only does it appear likely that homoreflexive associations are ubiquitous (Dworkin, 1993), but also it appears likely that exteroceptive cues are not strongly contingent with withdrawal exacerbation in the addicted individual (because few exteroceptive cues are uniquely contingent with falling drug levels). Moreover, withdrawal symptoms are gradually emergent, with full-blown withdrawal not manifest for hours after drug abstinence (e.g., Mansky, 1978), which may further compromise contingencies with exteroceptive cues. 3 In summary, research suggests that incipient growth in negative affect may be signaled by the first inklings of negative affect responses per se (e.g., responses producing anxiety) or by any internal response to falling drug levels that is a reliable harbinger of negative affect (e.g., mild tremor).…”