Addiction Motivation Reformulated: An Affective Processing Model of Negative Reinforcement.

Baker, Timothy B.; Piper, Megan E.; McCarthy, Danielle E.; Majeskie, Matthew R.; Fiore, Michael C.

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.33

Cited by 1,885 publications

(1,846 citation statements)

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“…Reducing cravings may also free working memory capacity for other tasks (e.g., Meule, Skirde, Freund, Vögele, & Kübler, 2012) and reduce one's implicit attentional bias for food (see Franken, 2003). In addition, cravings are often experienced as negative (e.g., Baker, Piper, McCarthy, Majeskie, & Fiore, 2004), consistent with the Buddhist perspective that cravings are inherent to human suffering. Our general finding that observing the transient nature of one's thoughts can reduce cravings is highly consistent with Buddhist teachings that negative mental states, such as cravings and unhealthy intentions, can be eliminated through insight into their impermanent nature (e.g., Dunne, in press).…”

Section: Mindful Attention 47mentioning

confidence: 87%

The benefits of simply observing: Mindful attention modulates the link between motivation and behavior.

Papies¹,

Pronk²,

Keesman³

et al. 2015

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

165

182

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Mindful attention, a central component of mindfulness meditation, can be conceived as becoming aware of one's thoughts and experiences, and being able to observe them as transient mental events. Here, we present a series of studies demonstrating the effects of applying this meta-cognitive perspective to one's spontaneous reward responses when encountering attractive stimuli. Taking a grounded cognition perspective, we argue that reward simulations in response to attractive stimuli contribute to appetitive behavior, and that motivational states and traits enhance these simulations. Directing mindful attention at these

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Section: Mindful Attention 47mentioning

confidence: 87%

The benefits of simply observing: Mindful attention modulates the link between motivation and behavior.

Papies¹,

Pronk²,

Keesman³

et al. 2015

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

165

182

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Abnormal approachavoidance behavior has been linked to many neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including drug addiction [2][3][4], eating disorders [5], and autism [6,7]. For example, the addicted individual shows compulsive drugseeking behavior, manifested by continuing to use the drug Chunlu Li and Yixiu Yan have contributed equally to this work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…of abuse despite the negative health, economic, and social consequences [4]. Therefore, investigating approachavoidance behavior has attracted increasing attention, particularly in the drug addiction field [4,[8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Toll-Like Receptor 4 Deficiency Causes Reduced Exploratory Behavior in Mice Under Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Yan

Cheng

et al. 2016

Neurosci. Bull.

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Abnormal approach-avoidance behavior has been linked to deficits in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system of the brain. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), an important pattern-recognition receptor in the innate immune system, can be directly activated by substances of abuse, resulting in an increase of the extracellular DA level in the nucleus accumbens. We thus hypothesized that TLR4-dependent signaling might regulate approach-avoidance behavior. To test this hypothesis, we compared the novelty-seeking and social interaction behaviors of TLR4-deficient (TLR4 -/-) and wild-type (WT) mice in an approach-avoidance conflict situation in which the positive motivation to explore a novel object or interact with an unfamiliar mouse was counteracted by the negative motivation to hide in exposed, large spaces. We found that TLR4 -/-mice exhibited reduced novelty-seeking and social interaction in the large open spaces. In less stressful test apparatuses similar in size to the mouse cage, however, TLR4 -/-mice performed normally in both novelty-seeking and social interaction tests. The reduced exploratory behaviors under approachavoidance conflict were not due to a high anxiety level or an enhanced fear response in the TLR4 -/-mice, as these mice showed normal anxiety and fear responses in the open field and passive avoidance tests, respectively. Importantly, the novelty-seeking behavior in the large open field induced a higher level of c-Fos activation in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) in TLR4 -/-mice than in WT mice. Partially inactivating the NAcSh via infusion of GABA receptor agonists restored the novelty-seeking behavior of TLR4 -/-mice. These data suggested that TLR4 is crucial for positive motivational behavior under approach-avoidance conflict. TLR4-dependent activation of neurons in the NAcSh may contribute to this phenomenon.

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“…This inability to regulate and reduce the negative emotions could then give way to an unbearable emotional state, by heightening the negative emotions (Gross & Levenson, 1997). As such, the individual can turn to alcohol in order to relax and dampen the heightened arousal and pain (Messman-Moore, Ward, Zerubavel, Chandley, & Barton, 2014), as posited in the negative reinforcement model of self-medication (Baker, Piper, McCarthy, Majeskie, & Fiore, 2004). This link between PTSD and emotion regulation is further confounded by the positive correlation between difficulties in processing emotion and PTSS.…”

Section: Simplifiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic stress disorder in a therapeutic community for substance use disorders: an evaluation of the influence

Perryman¹

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The purpose of this body of research is twofold. First, to investigate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of adults undergoing substance use disorder (SUD) treatment in a therapeutic community (TC) and, second, to apply major psychological theories to help understand the nature of this comorbidity in ways that inform treatment. The focal theories of this research are: emotion dysregulation (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), and revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (rRST; Corr, 2008;Gray & McNaughton, 2000). Rash Impulsiveness will be included as an important dimension of rRST that has been consistently linked to substance misuse. Chapter 1 presents an overview of research related to the thesis as a whole. In Chapter .72, p < .00). Furthermore, the correlations between PTSS and two of the facets of rRST, BAS and fight-flight-freeze sensitivity (FFFS), were significantly correlated (r = -.23 and .49, p < .01, respectively). BAS sensitivity was shown to negatively correlate with PTSS, indicating that lower BAS sensitivity related to higher PTS severity. No relationship was found between the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) and PTSS. Finally, Rash Impulsivity significantly correlated with PTSS at intake, r = .50, p < .00. Contrary to hypotheses, and previous research, Rash Impulsivity did not significantly correlate with retention. Theoretical mechanisms linking PTSS and substance misuse were investigated further, with tests of theoretical models in which individual difference factors (facets of the rRST) were related to retention and outcomes from treatment, and facets of emotional dysregulation were tested as mediators of this relationship. Upon investigation through linear regression, no suitable variable was found the mediate the relationship between PTSS and retention.iii The final moderated mediated model, therefore, was not suitable for this population. Limited moderation, though, occurred between the two facets of rRST and retention. Specifically, investigation of the simple slopes showed that FFFS and Rash Impulsivity both moderate the relationship between PTSD and retention at high (+1 SD) and mean scores. These findings indicate that high levels of both facets do interact with PTSD to negatively influence treatment retention.The null findings for both mediation and the moderated mediation model contradict previous research, and may be due to homogeneity in scores across the population. Overall, some implications for treatment can be extrapolated. First, PTSD is highly prevalent in the TC population, and should be assessed using psychometrically valid measures, such as the PCL-C, and addressed in treatment. Second, treatment for SUD does not exacerbate PTSD; on the contrary, PTSS significantly decreased during TC treatment. Finally, as there is solid theoretical support to suggest an influence of emotion dysregulation and Rash Impulsiveness on retention and outcomes, more research needs to be conducted on the role of these two constructs with the intent of creating a better suited rehabi...

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Addiction Motivation Reformulated: An Affective Processing Model of Negative Reinforcement.

Cited by 1,885 publications

References 141 publications

The benefits of simply observing: Mindful attention modulates the link between motivation and behavior.

The benefits of simply observing: Mindful attention modulates the link between motivation and behavior.

Toll-Like Receptor 4 Deficiency Causes Reduced Exploratory Behavior in Mice Under Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Posttraumatic stress disorder in a therapeutic community for substance use disorders: an evaluation of the influence

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