Operant variability when reinforcement is delayed

Wagner, Katie; Neuringer, Allen

doi:10.3758/bf03193187

Cited by 29 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The higher susceptibility of repetitive behaviors to disrupting events replicates findings from previous studies with nonhuman animals (e.g., Abreu-Rodrigues, Hanna, Cruz, Matos, & Dela brida, 2004;Neuringer, 1991;Neuringer et al, 2001;Odum, Ward, Barnes, & Burke, 2006;Wagner & Neuringer, 2006;Ward, Bailey, & Odum, 2006). Nevertheless, one might want to view our results with caution.…”

Section: Disruptive Effectssupporting

confidence: 88%

History effects on induced and operant variability

Souza

Abreu‐Rodrigues

Baumann

2010

Learning & Behavior

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Section: Disruptive Effectssupporting

confidence: 88%

History effects on induced and operant variability

Souza

Abreu‐Rodrigues

Baumann

2010

Learning & Behavior

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“…For example, varying blood glucose levels may affect thirst, hunger, and mouth dryness [77], symptoms that are also influenced by other factors, most importantly, food and water ingestion. Third, the latency between spontaneous parameter changes and the perception of improvement may be too long to provide contingent feedback [78], e.g., fibrinolytic activity in the healing of venous leg ulcers. Thus, most of the biochemical parameters may lack an essential element for placebo effects to be established, namely, the experience of momentary improvements due to autonomic changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for placebo effects on physical but not on biochemical outcome parameters: a review of clinical trials

Meißner

Distel

Mitzdorf

2007

BMC Med

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Background: Recent reviews on placebo effects in clinical trials suggest that objective changes following placebo treatments may not exist or, at least, have been considerably overestimated. However, the possibility that yet unidentified subsets of parameters are responsive to placebo treatments has not been taken into account. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine the effects of placebo treatments on objectively measured outcome parameters by specifically focusing on peripheral disease processes.

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“…For example, ample evidence demonstrates that variability typically increases with increases in the delay of reinforcement (e.g., Cherot et al, 1996;Neuringer, 2002;Odum et al, 2006;Stahlman & Blaisdell, 2011;Wagner & Neuringer, 2006), but we do not know enough about the role of delayed reinforcers in transitions from schedules in which reinforcers are contingent upon responses, to those of free or adventitious reinforcer deliveries (Catania, 2005d;Sizemore & Lattal, 1977;Williams & Lattal, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A quantitative analysis of the behavior maintained by delayed reinforcers

Catania

Reilly

Hand

et al. 2015

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

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Random-interval reinforcement was arranged for a sequence of pigeon first-key pecks followed by second-key pecks. First-key pecks, separated from reinforcers by delays that included number of second-key pecks and time, decreased in rate as delays increased. Delay functions, or gradients, were obtained in one experiment with reinforced sequences consisting of M first-key pecks followed by N second-key pecks (M + N = 16), in a second where required first-key pecks were held constant (M = 8), and in a third where minimum delay between most recent first-key pecks and reinforcers varied. In each, gradients were equally well fitted by exponential, hyperbolic and logarithmic functions. Performances were insensitive to reinforcer duration and functions were consistent across varied random-interval values. In one more experiment, time and number delays were independently varied using differential reinforcement of rate of second-key pecks. Delay gradients depended primarily on time rather than on number of second-key pecks. Thus, reinforcers have effects based on earlier responses, not just the ones that produced them, with the contribution of each response weighted by the time separating it from the reinforcer rather than by intervening behavior. Situations where unwanted responses (e.g., errors) often precede reinforced corrects can maintain them unless designed to avoid such effects of delay.

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Operant variability when reinforcement is delayed

Cited by 29 publications

References 40 publications

History effects on induced and operant variability

History effects on induced and operant variability

Evidence for placebo effects on physical but not on biochemical outcome parameters: a review of clinical trials

A quantitative analysis of the behavior maintained by delayed reinforcers

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