Operant conditioning of a deviant child by a psychiatric patient-mother.

Fear reduction in help-givers as a function of helping.

“…The first is the mere act of behaving as a helper, which might lead to reinforcements that may alter certain cognitions, particularly attitudes about one's status, importance, and worth. Several studies suggest that mere participation may be beneficial, but they are all confounded by other variables such as modeling and/or role playing (e.g., Fremouw & Harmatz, 1975;Ora & Burgess, 1971;Orlando, 1974;Whalen & Henker, 1969;1971a;1971b).…”