“…In operando photocatalytic studies have been traditionally used to investigate reaction mechanisms using infrared spectroscopy (Rohmann et al, 2008 ; Renckens et al, 2010 ; Hauchecorne and Lenaerts, 2013 ; Zandi and Hamann, 2016 ). In the last decade, in operando analysis of the photocatalyst surface has been widely carried out using advanced (time-resolved) X-ray spectroscopy techniques, with emphasis into photoelectrochemical water splitting and hydrogen evolution processes (Braun et al, 2012 ; Bora et al, 2013 ; Crumlin et al, 2015 ; Baran et al, 2016 ; Li et al, 2016b ; Neppl et al, 2016 ; Lu et al, 2020 ). These techniques are not without their own experimental and analytical limitations.…”