Open School vs. Traditional School: Self-Identification among Native American and White Adolescents

Drug and Alcohol Use

“…Questionnaires for 623 students were collected from six northern Canadian communities (shown in Figure 3) including: measure because researchers in the past have been critical of measures used in this area (e.g., Cockerham and Blevins, 1976;Fuchs and Havighurst, 1973). Measures such as the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory have been shown not to be valid for use with Indian samples (Cress and O'Donnel, 1975).…”

“…Measures such as the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory have been shown not to be valid for use with Indian samples (Cress and O'Donnel, 1975). In fact Cockerham and Blevins (1976) have argued that the literature concerning Indian self-esteem is seriously flawed and in need of reevaluation because of problems in the validity of measures utilized.…”

School self-acceptance among Canadian Indian, White, and Metis children.

“…In fact, the Metis students resemble the Indian students in their acculturation level and social assets, but score closer to the white students in their parental control scale scores. It was particularly important to validate the school self-acceptance measure because researchers in the past have been critical of measures used in this area (e.g., Cockerham & Blevins, 1976;Fuchs & Havighurst, 1973). In order to assess the validity of the Instructional Objectives Exchange school self-acceptance measure for use in our sample the following two techniques were employed.…”

“…There are several problems in interpreting the results in the studies cited above. First of all, research in the area of Indian vs. white selfconcepts has been plagued by problems in establishing the validity of selfconcept measures for use in Indian populations (Cockerham & Blevins, 1976;Fuchs & Havighurst, 1973). It has been shown that measures such as the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, for instance, are not valid for use with Indian samples (Cress, 1975).…”

“…It has been shown that measures such as the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, for instance, are not valid for use with Indian samples (Cress, 1975). In fact Cockerham and Blevins (1976) have argued that the literature concerning Indian self-esteem is seriously flawed and in need of re-evaluation because of problems in the validity of measures utilized.…”