Open Bite Malocclusion as potential Predisposing Risk Factor to Promote Periodontal Disease

Non-Inflammatory Destructive Periodontal Disease

“…In establishing a treatment plan that would be used in treating a disease, it is essential to understand the vital role of the etiological agents that initiated the disease [ 1 - 16 ]. The diagnostic of the etiological agents of the periodontal disease is critical, due to the necessity of the association among the various etiological agents, such as bacteria, and several local and/or general predisposing risk factors to induce the disease [ 1 - 13 ]. In addition, the destruction produced during the periodontal disease progression, may present similar characteristics, but the association among the bacteria and the various predisposing risk factors, may be distinct and inherent to each person, depending on the host’s susceptibility, which does not always present an identical susceptibility to the various local and/or general predisposing risk factors [ 1 - 19 ].…”

“…Periodontal disease results from the association of the bacteria with many other etiologic factors [ 1 - 6 ]. Although, bacteria are a critical etiologic factor that are needed to develop a periodontal disease, bacteria alone are insufficient to induce a periodontal disease; a susceptible host is also required, and the host’s susceptibility as local and/or general predisposing risk factors, are important determinants of the disease status [ 1 - 13 ]. An accurate diagnosis is often essential in developing a predictable and suitable treatment plan, which when executed, gives a guide to the resolution of the periodontal disease’s activity [ 14 , 15 ].…”

“…An accurate diagnosis is often essential in developing a predictable and suitable treatment plan, which when executed, gives a guide to the resolution of the periodontal disease’s activity [ 14 , 15 ]. Majority of all forms of periodontal diseases, are considered as microorganisms-induced dependent, which promotes a defensive inflammatory host’s response against the bacteria and noxious materials from the bacterial plaque [ 1 - 6 , 10 - 13 , 16 - 18 ]. The inflammatory process inactivates the bacteria, but produces the liberation of bacterial and neutrophils products such as enzymes, which induce periodontal tissue destruction by lytic activities [ 12 , 13 , 16 - 18 ].…”

“…Majority of all forms of periodontal diseases, are considered as microorganisms-induced dependent, which promotes a defensive inflammatory host’s response against the bacteria and noxious materials from the bacterial plaque [ 1 - 6 , 10 - 13 , 16 - 18 ]. The inflammatory process inactivates the bacteria, but produces the liberation of bacterial and neutrophils products such as enzymes, which induce periodontal tissue destruction by lytic activities [ 12 , 13 , 16 - 18 ]. Therefore, the characteristics of the most common periodontal disease are: presence of gingival inflammation, ulceration of the junctional epithelium, loss of connective tissue and alveolar bone, causing apical migration of the junctional epithelium [ 19 ].…”

“…Therefore, the characteristics of the most common periodontal disease are: presence of gingival inflammation, ulceration of the junctional epithelium, loss of connective tissue and alveolar bone, causing apical migration of the junctional epithelium [ 19 ]. In majority of the patients suffering from periodontal disease, the consequence is the development of periodontal pocket [ 13 , 19 ]. However not all types of periodontal disease seem to be periodontopathogenic bacteria dependent, and not all are distinguished by evident inflammatory process, and periodontal tissue destruction associated with periodontal pocket formation and progressive deepening [ 20 , 21 ].…”