Onychomycosis in clinical practice: factors contributing to recurrence

Abstract

The treatment of onychomycosis has improved in recent years and many patients can now expect a complete and lasting cure. However, for up to 25% of patients, persistent disease remains a problem, thus presenting a particular challenge to the clinician. For these patients, it is obviously important to ensure that a correct diagnosis of onychomycosis has been made, as misdiagnosis will inevitably jeopardize the perception of therapeutic effectiveness. Although onychomycosis accounts for about 50% of all nail diseases seen by physicians, nonfungal causes of similar symptoms include repeated trauma, psoriasis, lichen planus, local tumours vascular disorders and inflammatory diseases. Predisposing factors that contribute to a poor response to topical and/or oral therapy include the presence of a very thick nail, extensive involvement of the entire nail unit, lateral nail disease and yellow spikes. However, poor penetration of systemic agents to the centre of infection, or the inability of topical agents to diffuse between the surface of the nail plate and the active disease below, probably contributes to this. Other factors contributing to recurrence may be related to the patient's family history, occupation, lifestyle or underlying physiology. In addition, patients with concomitant disease (e.g. peripheral vascular disease, diabetes) or patients who are immunosuppressed (e.g. those with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) are more susceptible to onychomycosis. In the elderly, the prevalence of onychomycosis may be as high as 60%, and increases with age; in this population, physical trauma plays a major role in precipitating recurrence, especially in patients with faulty biomechanics due to underlying arthritis and bone abnormalities. It is also possible that recurrence in some cases is due to early termination of treatment or use of an inappropriate dose, and these possibilities should be eliminated before further investigations are undertaken. There is good evidence to suggest that a combination of oral and topical therapies, when given at the same time, yield excellent clinical outcomes, although there remains a need for more effective topical agents with greater nail penetration and more effective oral antifungal agents.

Establishment of a Novel Model of Onychomycosis in Rabbits for Evaluation of Antifungal Agents

“…In the clinical therapy of onychomycosis, a poor outcome of the use of topical antifungals has been mentioned, and most research attributes this to their poor penetration onto the nail plate (20,24,26). Some reports suggest that the nail has properties like those of a hydrophilic gel membrane (13,16), which prevents the penetration of the nail plate by chemicals and drugs (5).…”

Perfil de suscetibilidade a antifúngicos de dermatófitos isolados de pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica

“…[7][8][9] Onychomycosis is one of the most difficult dermatological conditions to treat and according to some authors therapeutic failure ranges from 20% to 50%. 10,11 The choice of the most appropriate treatment is determined by the site and extent of the infection, by the species involved and by the efficacy, safety profile and kinetics of the available drugs. Treatment may be carried out with the use of topical agents such as imidazole antimycotics, including tioconazole and miconazole, and griseofulvin, resulting in therapeutic success in 75% of cases.…”

Rationale for selection of a topical antimycotic agent

“…Это объяс-няется неспособностью лаков проникать через ги-перкератотически измененную ногтевую пластину до ногтевого ложа, особенно при поражении фрон-тально-дистальной части ногтя и тотальной онихо-патии. Кроме того, лаки заполняют фронтальные В ПОМОЩЬ ПРАКТИЧЕСКОМУ ВРАЧУ подногтевые пространства, близкие к области гипо-нихия и «замуровывают» каналы (туннели) в их дис-тальной части, что значительно снижает в конечном итоге процент микологического излечения [27]. А.Ю.…”