Ontogenetic and static allometry of hind femur length in the cricket<i>Gryllus bimaculatus</i>(Orthoptera: Gryllidae) with implications for evo-devo of morphological scaling

Neiro, Jakke

doi:10.1101/2020.03.01.972141

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Miyashita et al (2016) suggested that the response differences to royal jelly observed in B. mori and Gryllus bimaculatus were a result of different developmental processes and mechanisms that respond to royal jelly between holo-and hemimetabolous insects. While the theory of insects with different development life histories responding to diet differently is not new (Bernays 1986;Bertram et al 2021;Neiro 2020;Thompson 2019), our results suggest that the effects of royal jelly can be sexspecific in Orthoptera. Thus, distantly-related holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects can respond similarly to dietary royal jelly, while two relatively closely related hemimetabolous orthopterans can respond differently.…”

Section: % Royal Jelly Supplementmentioning

confidence: 56%

Fruitful female fecundity after feedingGryllodes sigillatusroyal jelly

Muzzatti

McConnell

Neave

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Dietary honey bee royal jelly increases insect growth rates and adult body size. Royal jelly could enhance mass insect production as a dietary supplement, but it is costly to produce. The mechanisms underlying the effects of royal jelly on growth remain unclear, and so it is valuable to understand the effects of royal jelly on a mass reared model species to try and augment body size in a more cost-effective manner. To determine the effect of royal jelly on a cricket species (Gryllodes sigillatus) farmed on mass for human consumption, we ran two experiments. In one experiment we tested the dose-dependent response of Gryllodes sigillatus to royal jelly using a range of diets across 0-30% w/w royal jelly. In another experiment we measured the individual-level life history responses of Gryllodes sigillatus to royal jelly over time by individually rearing freshly-hatched Gryllodes sigillatus on two separate diets: half were fed a commercially available cricket diet, while the other half were fed the same diet mixed with 15% w/w fresh royal jelly. Body size and mass measurements were recorded weekly for five weeks. We found the effects of royal jelly to be sex-dependent within crickets: females fed the royal jelly diet grew to be 30% heavier, and this effect was driven by significantly longer abdomens containing 67% more eggs compared to those fed the basal diet. There was a higher probability of crickets reaching adulthood after 35 days when fed royal jelly, and female mass was optimised at approximately 17% w/w royal jelly. Our results reveal that while a royal jelly dietary supplement can increase the yield of mass-reared insects, the life-history responses are species- and sex-specific.

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Section: % Royal Jelly Supplementmentioning

confidence: 56%

Fruitful female fecundity after feedingGryllodes sigillatusroyal jelly

Muzzatti

McConnell

Neave

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Fig.1. The three levels of allometry, modified fromNeiro (2020). Ontogenetic allometry indicating size-related differences in trait proportions for each individual (black lines); static allometry (dashed lines) across individuals of each species at a given age or developmental stage; and evolutionary allometry (solid pink line) showing shape relationships across all individuals of all species at a specific age or developmental stage.…”

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confidence: 99%

Facing the facts: adaptive trade‐offs along body size ranges determine mammalian craniofacial scaling

Mitchell,

Sherratt,

Weisbecker

2023

Biological Reviews

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The mammalian cranium (skull without lower jaw) is representative of mammalian diversity and is thus of particular interest to mammalian biologists across disciplines. One widely retrieved pattern accompanying mammalian cranial diversification is referred to as ‘craniofacial evolutionary allometry’ (CREA). This posits that adults of larger species, in a group of closely related mammals, tend to have relatively longer faces and smaller braincases. However, no process has been officially suggested to explain this pattern, there are many apparent exceptions, and its predictions potentially conflict with well‐established biomechanical principles. Understanding the mechanisms behind CREA and causes for deviations from the pattern therefore has tremendous potential to explain allometry and diversification of the mammalian cranium. Here, we propose an amended framework to characterise the CREA pattern more clearly, in that ‘longer faces’ can arise through several kinds of evolutionary change, including elongation of the rostrum, retraction of the jaw muscles, or a more narrow or shallow skull, which all result in a generalised gracilisation of the facial skeleton with increased size. We define a standardised workflow to test for the presence of the pattern, using allometric shape predictions derived from geometric morphometrics analysis, and apply this to 22 mammalian families including marsupials, rabbits, rodents, bats, carnivores, antelopes, and whales. Our results show that increasing facial gracility with size is common, but not necessarily as ubiquitous as previously suggested. To address the mechanistic basis for this variation, we then review cranial adaptations for harder biting. These dictate that a more gracile cranium in larger species must represent a structural sacrifice in the ability to produce or withstand harder bites, relative to size. This leads us to propose that facial gracilisation in larger species is often a product of bite force allometry and phylogenetic niche conservatism, where more closely related species tend to exhibit more similar feeding ecology and biting behaviours and, therefore, absolute (size‐independent) bite force requirements. Since larger species can produce the same absolute bite forces as smaller species with less effort, we propose that relaxed bite force demands can permit facial gracility in response to bone optimisation and alternative selection pressures. Thus, mammalian facial scaling represents an adaptive by‐product of the shifting importance of selective pressures occurring with increased size. A reverse pattern of facial ‘shortening’ can accordingly also be found, and is retrieved in several cases here, where larger species incorporate novel feeding behaviours involving greater bite forces. We discuss multiple exceptions to a bite force‐mediated influence on facial proportions across mammals which lead us to argue that ecomorphological specialisation of the cranium is likely to be the primary driver of facial scaling patterns, with some developmental constraints as possible secondary factors. A potential for larger species to have a wider range of cranial functions when less constrained by bite force demands might also explain why selection for larger sizes seems to be prevalent in some mammalian clades. The interplay between adaptation and constraint across size ranges thus presents an interesting consideration for a mechanistically grounded investigation of mammalian cranial allometry.

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Facing the facts: Adaptive trade-offs along body size ranges determine mammalian craniofacial scaling

Mitchell,

Sherratt,

Weisbecker

2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The mammalian cranium (skull without lower jaw) is representative of mammalian diversity and is thus of particular interest to mammalian biologists across disciplines. One widely retrieved pattern accompanying mammalian cranial diversification is referred to as “craniofacial evolutionary allometry” (CREA). This posits that “adults of larger species, in a group of closely related mammals, tend to have relatively longer faces and smaller braincases”. However, no process has been officially suggested to explain this pattern, there are many exceptions, and its predictions potentially conflict with well-established biomechanical principles. Understanding the mechanisms behind CREA and causes for deviations from the pattern therefore has tremendous potential to explain allometry and diversification of the mammalian cranium. Here, we propose an amended framework to characterise the CREA pattern more clearly, in that “longer faces” can arise through several kinds of evolutionary change, including elongation of the rostrum, retraction of the jaw muscles, or a more narrow or shallow skull, which all result in a generalised gracilisation of the facial skeleton with increased size. We define a standardised workflow to test for the presence of the pattern, using allometric shape predictions derived from geometric morphometrics analysis, and apply this to 22 mammalian families including marsupials, rabbits, rodents, bats, carnivores, antelope, and whales. Our results show that increasing facial gracility with size is common, but not necessarily as ubiquitous as previously suggested. To address the mechanistic basis for this variation, we then review cranial adaptations for harder biting. These dictate that a more gracile cranium in larger species must represent a sacrifice in the ability to produce or withstand harder bites, relative to size. This leads us to propose that facial gracilisation in larger species is often a product of bite force allometry and phylogenetic niche conservatism, where more closely related species tend to exhibit more similar feeding ecology and biting behaviours and, therefore, absolute (size-independent) bite force requirements. Since larger species can produce the same absolute bite forces as smaller species with less effort, we propose that relaxed bite force demands can permit facial gracility in response to bone optimisation and alternative selection pressures. Thus, mammalian facial scaling represents an adaptive by-product of the shifting importance of selective pressures occurring with increased size. A reverse pattern of facial “shortening” can accordingly also be found, and is retrieved in several cases here, where larger species incorporate novel feeding behaviours involving greater bite forces. We discuss multiple exceptions to a bite force-mediated influence on facial length across mammals which lead us to argue that ecomorphological specialisation of the cranium is likely to be the primary driver of facial scaling patterns, with developmental and/or phylogenetic constraints a secondary factor. A potential for larger species to have a wider range of cranial functions when less constrained by biomechanical demands might also explain why selection for larger sizes seems to be prevalent in some mammalian clades. The interplay between adaptation and constraint across size ranges thus presents an interesting consideration for a mechanistically grounded investigation of mammalian cranial allometry.

show abstract

Ontogenetic and static allometry of hind femur length in the cricketGryllus bimaculatus(Orthoptera: Gryllidae) with implications for evo-devo of morphological scaling

Cited by 4 publications

References 64 publications

Fruitful female fecundity after feedingGryllodes sigillatusroyal jelly

Fruitful female fecundity after feedingGryllodes sigillatusroyal jelly

Facing the facts: adaptive trade‐offs along body size ranges determine mammalian craniofacial scaling

Facing the facts: Adaptive trade-offs along body size ranges determine mammalian craniofacial scaling

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