Online racism, psychological distress, and alcohol use among racial minority women and men: A multi-group mediation analysis.

Keum, Brian TaeHyuk; Cano, Miguel Ángel

doi:10.1037/ort0000553

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Additionally, our finding of increased racial discrimination being correlated with worse negative mental health outcomes is also in line with previous work [ 31 , 54 - 63 ]. Although our study did not distinguish between online racism and online discrimination, it aligns with recent studies, demonstrating that online discrimination, including online racism, during the pandemic could have a substantial negative impact on individuals’ mental health [ 34 , 35 , 38 , 39 ]. Second, we were intrigued to find that White Americans in our study reported experiencing more individual discrimination than Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…By contrast, vicarious online discrimination is the secondhand exposure to online racial discrimination or prejudice directed at an individual’s community [ 32 , 33 ]. Research has shown that both individual and vicarious discrimination are significantly and positively associated with psychological distress and negative behavioral patterns such as alcohol use [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Tynes et al [ 37 ] found that Black students and other adolescents of color were subjected to both vicarious and individual forms of online racial discrimination, which impacted students’ psychological functioning. In addition, both online vicarious and individual discrimination were significantly associated with worse psychological well-being among adults of racial/ethnic minorities (eg, Black Americans, Latinx Americans, Asian Americans) [ 34 , 35 , 39 , 40 ]. To our knowledge, existing research has only focused on the impacts of offline forms of racial discrimination in the context of COVID-19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impacts of Social Media Use and Online Racial Discrimination on Asian American Mental Health: Cross-sectional Survey in the United States During COVID-19

Layug¹,

Krishnamurthy²,

McKenzie³

et al. 2022

JMIR Form Res

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Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased social media usage has led to worsened mental health outcomes for many people. Moreover, due to the sociopolitical climate during the pandemic, the prevalence of online racial discrimination has contributed to worsening psychological well-being. With increases in anti-Asian hate, Asian and Asian American social media users may experience the negative effects of online racial discrimination in addition to the reduced psychological well-being resulting from exposure to online COVID-19 content. Objective This study aims to investigate the impact of COVID-19–related social media use and exposure to online racial discrimination during the pandemic on the mental health outcomes (ie, anxiety, depression, and secondary traumatic stress [STS]) of Asian Americans compared with those of non-Asian Americans. In addition, this study explores the mediating role of negative affect and the moderating role of racial/ethnic identification. Methods An online survey was conducted through Amazon Mechanical Turk and a university-wide research portal from March 3 to March 15, 2021. A total of 1147 participants took the survey. Participants’ social media usage related to COVID-19 and exposure to 2 online forms of racial discrimination (individual and vicarious), mental health outcomes (anxiety, depression, and STS), racial/ethnic identification, negative affect, and demographics were assessed. Results Our results showed that COVID-19–related social media use, individual discrimination, and vicarious discrimination were predictors of negative mental health outcomes (anxiety, depression, and STS). Asian Americans reported higher vicarious discrimination than Latinx and White Americans, but Asian Americans’ mental health outcomes did not differ substantially from those of the other racial/ethnic groups. Racial/ethnic identification moderated the relationship between both types of discrimination and STS, and negative affect served as a mediator between both types of discrimination and all 3 mental health outcomes. Conclusions These results suggest that social media exposure continues to have a dire effect on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study helps to contextualize the rise of anti-Asian American hate and its impact on mental health outcomes in the United States.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impacts of Social Media Use and Online Racial Discrimination on Asian American Mental Health: Cross-sectional Survey in the United States During COVID-19

Layug¹,

Krishnamurthy²,

McKenzie³

et al. 2022

JMIR Form Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Literature suggests that women of color gamers face the compounding of racism and sexism in games (Gray & Leonard, 2018). Women of color have also been found to experience online racism at higher rates than men of color (Keum & Miller, 2018b) and online racism was associated with alcohol use severity via social media-related stress for women of color but not for men of color (Keum & Cano, 2021). Fourth, in operationalizing online gaming experiences, we assessed participants' average hours spent per day on online gaming.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Online Gaming and Racism: Impact on Psychological Distress Among Black, Asian, and Latinx Emerging Adults

Keum

Hearns

2021

Games and Culture

Self Cite

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Although online racism occurs frequently and explicitly in online gaming (e.g., anti-Black hate speeches), no research has examined the psychological impact on racial/ethnic minority players. Thus, the current study examined the mediating role of online racism in the link between time spent in online gaming and psychological distress. Using data from 765 racial minority emerging adults in the United States and with gender controlled, time spent in online gaming predicted greater exposure to online racism, which in turn was linked to higher psychological distress. Post hoc multi-group comparison suggested that the findings were consistent with the Black group but neither the direct nor indirect effects of the model were significant for the Asian and Latinx groups. The results highlight the unjust digital burden and psychological costs of racism in online gaming among racial minority emerging adults, particularly among Black individuals. Limitations and implications for research are discussed.

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“…Xenophobic and/or racist cyberbullying is motivated by hatred toward different people due to their physical characteristics, religion, ethnicity, or language (Costello and Hawdon, 2018;Englander et al, 2018;Blaya and Audrin, 2019). Taking into account relevant research on the topic (Cabrera et al, 2019;Gutiérrez-Esparza et al, 2019;Keum and Cano, 2021), this type of harassment can be evidenced in three ways: as intercultural cyberbullying related to what Przybylski (2019) and Rudes and Fantuzzi (2021) warned by way of coercion on minorities; as racist threats promoted by fear of the unknown and different, which are usually linked to behavioral problems, such as name-calling or digital harassment (Murnion et al, 2018); and as identity usurpation, which is characterized by denigration, exclusion, and exposure of the victim's privacy (Finkelhor et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlational study on cyberbullying and social abilities in intercultural teenagers

2022

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This article analyzes the relationship between cyberbullying profile by racist reasons and social abilities in a group of intercultural teenagers living in Spain (N = 1478). The study includes participants aged between 12 and 16 years old (M = 13.99; SD = 1.352). Of these, 738 were male (49.9%) and 740 were female (50.1%). A correlational study was carried out using online tools with suitable psychometrics parameters (content-construct validity and reliability). The first one was a scale that measured social abilities, and the second one evaluated racist or xenophobic cyberbullying, differentiating the victim and aggressor profiles. The results indicated five main findings: (1) generally, the participants analyzed present all their social abilities; (2) for the most part, these participants do not normally experience cyberbullying; (3) a positive correlation exists between the majority of social abilities analyzed and the cybervictim profile. It was also observed a negative correlation between the social ability associated with the ability of making requests and this profile; (4) there is a positive correlation among the six social abilities analyzed and the cyberaggressor profile; (5) the racist or xenophobic cyberbullying are driven not only by the absence of social abilities, but in some cases, they are also driven by socio-demographic variables (i.e., age and gender). Likewise, this work shows how the absence of some social abilities in some participants involve racist or xenophobic experiences as victims and as aggressors, which may be of interest for the analysis of teenagers’ behavior in intercultural contexts, as well as according to age and gender. More transcultural research need to be carried out to know the global perspective of the link between social abilities and the different profiles of racist and xenophobic cyberbullying, framed in the context of social psychology and studies of mass communication.

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Online racism, psychological distress, and alcohol use among racial minority women and men: A multi-group mediation analysis.

Cited by 24 publications

References 36 publications

The Impacts of Social Media Use and Online Racial Discrimination on Asian American Mental Health: Cross-sectional Survey in the United States During COVID-19

The Impacts of Social Media Use and Online Racial Discrimination on Asian American Mental Health: Cross-sectional Survey in the United States During COVID-19

Online Gaming and Racism: Impact on Psychological Distress Among Black, Asian, and Latinx Emerging Adults

Correlational study on cyberbullying and social abilities in intercultural teenagers

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