Online Gaming and Racism: Impact on Psychological Distress Among Black, Asian, and Latinx Emerging Adults

Keum, Brian TaeHyuk; Hearns, Maynard

doi:10.1177/15554120211039082

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Studies have shown that various racial groups have experienced discrimination online due to their race or ethnicity [ 36 - 40 ], and this discrimination has continued throughout the COVID-19 pandemic [ 41 - 43 ]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Asian Americans and people of Asian ethnic origin have become particularly vulnerable to racial discrimination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Tynes et al [ 37 ] found that Black students and other adolescents of color were subjected to both vicarious and individual forms of online racial discrimination, which impacted students’ psychological functioning. In addition, both online vicarious and individual discrimination were significantly associated with worse psychological well-being among adults of racial/ethnic minorities (eg, Black Americans, Latinx Americans, Asian Americans) [ 34 , 35 , 39 , 40 ]. To our knowledge, existing research has only focused on the impacts of offline forms of racial discrimination in the context of COVID-19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impacts of Social Media Use and Online Racial Discrimination on Asian American Mental Health: Cross-sectional Survey in the United States During COVID-19

Layug¹,

Krishnamurthy²,

McKenzie³

et al. 2022

JMIR Form Res

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Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased social media usage has led to worsened mental health outcomes for many people. Moreover, due to the sociopolitical climate during the pandemic, the prevalence of online racial discrimination has contributed to worsening psychological well-being. With increases in anti-Asian hate, Asian and Asian American social media users may experience the negative effects of online racial discrimination in addition to the reduced psychological well-being resulting from exposure to online COVID-19 content. Objective This study aims to investigate the impact of COVID-19–related social media use and exposure to online racial discrimination during the pandemic on the mental health outcomes (ie, anxiety, depression, and secondary traumatic stress [STS]) of Asian Americans compared with those of non-Asian Americans. In addition, this study explores the mediating role of negative affect and the moderating role of racial/ethnic identification. Methods An online survey was conducted through Amazon Mechanical Turk and a university-wide research portal from March 3 to March 15, 2021. A total of 1147 participants took the survey. Participants’ social media usage related to COVID-19 and exposure to 2 online forms of racial discrimination (individual and vicarious), mental health outcomes (anxiety, depression, and STS), racial/ethnic identification, negative affect, and demographics were assessed. Results Our results showed that COVID-19–related social media use, individual discrimination, and vicarious discrimination were predictors of negative mental health outcomes (anxiety, depression, and STS). Asian Americans reported higher vicarious discrimination than Latinx and White Americans, but Asian Americans’ mental health outcomes did not differ substantially from those of the other racial/ethnic groups. Racial/ethnic identification moderated the relationship between both types of discrimination and STS, and negative affect served as a mediator between both types of discrimination and all 3 mental health outcomes. Conclusions These results suggest that social media exposure continues to have a dire effect on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study helps to contextualize the rise of anti-Asian American hate and its impact on mental health outcomes in the United States.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impacts of Social Media Use and Online Racial Discrimination on Asian American Mental Health: Cross-sectional Survey in the United States During COVID-19

Layug¹,

Krishnamurthy²,

McKenzie³

et al. 2022

JMIR Form Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Second, the majority of previous studies focused on children and youth (e.g., Ginsburg et al, 2007 ; Yogman et al, 2018 ) or on electronic play (e.g., Müller and Bonnaire, 2021 ; TaeHyuk Keum and Hearns, 2022 ). In the present study, most emerging adults spent less than 7 h weekly on play/extracurricular activities (80%) and leisure reading (93%) in the last 12 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of play on positive psychological development in emerging adulthood: A serial mediation model

Ho¹

2022

Front. Psychol.

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IntroductionAlthough the literature reports that play provides substantial psychological benefits for individuals, it is often only emphasized by educators for younger children but less so for emerging adults. This cross-sectional study examined the impact of time spent engaged in play on emerging adults’ emotional intelligence, emotional traits, and resilience.MethodsParticipants (N = 131, 93.9% women) were full-time undergraduate students between the ages of 19 and 25 (M = 21.28, SD = 1.08).ResultsResults showed that play experiences cultivated emotional intelligence and strengthened resilience. Further, the findings supported a serial mediation model in which play was indirectly related to resilience through its effect on emotional intelligence and positive emotion.DiscussionPlay is recognized as a means to relieve stress and protect psychological wellbeing. Emerging adults who experience pleasure, enjoyment, learning, and the acquisition of new skills will benefit from play. Individuals should enhance positive play experiences, particularly sporting activities, to maintain a healthy work-life balance given the positive relationship between play, emotional intelligence, emotional traits, and resilience.

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“…Online racial discrimination can be individual (i.e., personally directed at an individual online) or vicarious (i.e., witnessed online). Exposure to racially discriminatory content online is associated with worse mental health and lower self-esteem both for adolescents (e.g., Motley et al, 2020; Tynes et al, 2019) and for emerging adults (e.g., Keum & Hearns, 2022; Keum & Miller, 2017; Maxie-Moreman & Tynes, 2022; Volpe et al, 2020). It may be that some uses of Twitter are associated with more exposure to online racial discrimination.…”

Section: Features Of Emerging Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Speak[ing] My Mind”

Volpe,

Buhrman,

Boaheng

et al. 2023

Journal of Media Psychology

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Black emerging adults in the United States make up a significant proportion of Twitter users and social media is an important developmental context. Media research has examined Black populations’ Twitter use and developmental research has considered social media writ large, but less research exists on Black emerging adults’ developmental uses of Twitter. This mixed methods study (1) traced reasons for Black emerging adults’ Twitter use to developmental aspects of emerging adulthood, and (2) explored whether these reasons differ by online and developmental characteristics. Data were collected from 203 Black emerging adults. Both qualitative (i.e., open-ended response) and quantitative (i.e., self-report questionnaire) data were collected via an online survey. Six qualitative categories described participants’ motivation for using Twitter: relationships, identity exploration, independence, financial possibilities, recreation, and coping and wellness. Participants who used Twitter for independence had higher critical media literacy. Participants who used Twitter for recreation and for identity explorations felt more positively about being Black and differed in other aspects of their racial identity. Findings suggest that Twitter is used by Black emerging adults to achieve developmental goals and that the Twitter empowers Black users to explore their racial identity in meaningful ways.

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Online Gaming and Racism: Impact on Psychological Distress Among Black, Asian, and Latinx Emerging Adults

Cited by 13 publications

References 35 publications

The Impacts of Social Media Use and Online Racial Discrimination on Asian American Mental Health: Cross-sectional Survey in the United States During COVID-19

The Impacts of Social Media Use and Online Racial Discrimination on Asian American Mental Health: Cross-sectional Survey in the United States During COVID-19

Influence of play on positive psychological development in emerging adulthood: A serial mediation model

“Speak[ing] My Mind”

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