Online optimal control of a parallel hybrid with costate adaptation rule

Chasse, Alexandre; Sciarretta, Antonio; Chauvin, Jonathan

doi:10.3182/20100712-3-de-2013.00134

Cited by 61 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For real-time energy management of hybrid powertrains there exist several solutions, for an overview see, [70] and [66]. A common choice for HEVs is the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), going back to [63], used by for instance [20,50]. ECMS is a convenient realization of PMP [73] and is normally expressed as that an equivalent consumption of both electrochemical power in the battery, P ech , and fuel power, P f , is minimized, and that the applied controls is the argument that minimizes this sum according to (2.1).…”

Section: Modeling and Optimal Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If λ is known, the optimal controls can be found [19]. Thus, estimating λ is the key aspect of the controller [18,20,50], which is complicated by the driving mission dependency of the optimal λ. Paper 9-11 contribute to this field.…”

Section: Modeling and Optimal Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) a typical goal is to minimize the amount of fuel used while maintaining the battery state of charge (SOC), which is a measure on how much energy is left in the battery, around a prescribed level, see for instance [20,50,64,71]. In a plug-in HEV (PHEV) the battery is larger and rechargeable from the power grid meaning that the vehicle can be driven as an electric vehicle for parts of, or entire, driving missions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Control of Electrified Powertrains

Sivertsson

2015

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The cover: Front: Formulation and solution of an optimal control problem, coincidentally the benchmark problem in Paper 6. Back: Positive and not so positive exit messages from the solvers used in the dissertation. Typeset with L A T E X 2εPrinted by LiU-Tryck, Linköping, Sweden 2015 i Abstract Vehicle powertrain electrification, i.e. combining the internal combustion engine (ICE) with an electric motor (EM), is a potential way of meeting the increased demands for efficient and low emission transportation, at a price of increased powertrain complexity since more degrees of freedom (DoF) have been introduced. Optimal control is used in a series of studies of how to best exploit the additional DoFs.In a diesel-electric powertrain the absence of a secondary energy storage and mechanical connection between the ICE and the wheels means that all electricity used by the EMs needs to be produced simultaneously by the ICE, whose rotational speed is a DoF. This in combination with the relatively slow dynamics of the turbocharger in the ICE puts high requirements on good transient control.In optimal control studies, accurate models with good extrapolation properties are needed. For this aim two nonlinear physics based models are developed and made available that fulfill these requirements, these are also smooth in the region of interest, to enable gradient based optimization techniques. Using optimal control and one of the developed models, the turbocharger dynamics are shown to have a strong impact on how to control the powertrain and neglecting these can lead to erroneous estimates both in the response of the powertrain as well as how the powertrain should be controlled. Also the objective, whether time or fuel is to be minimized, influences the engine speed-torque path to be used, even though it is shown that the time optimal solution is almost fuel optimal. To increase the freedom of the powertrain control, a small energy storage can be added to assist in the transients. This is shown to be especially useful to decrease the response time of the powertrain, but the manner it is used, depends on the time horizon of the optimal control problem.The resulting optimal control solutions are for certain cases oscillatory when stationary controls would have been expected. This is shown to be neither an artifact of the discretization used nor a result of the modeling assumptions used. Instead it is for the formulated problems actually optimal to use periodic control in certain stationary operating points. Measurements show that the pumping torque is different depending on whether the controls are periodic or constant despite the same average value. Whether this is beneficial or not depends on the operating point and control frequency, but can be predicted using optimal periodic control theory.In hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) the size of the energy storage reduces the impact of poor transient control, since the battery can compensate for the slower dynamics of the ICE. For HEVs the problem instead is how and when to use the b...

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Section: Modeling and Optimal Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modeling and Optimal Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Control of Electrified Powertrains

Sivertsson

2015

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“…The energy management strategy computes the best power split between these two sources. The proposed strategy is based on the ECMS previously developed [10][11][12] and is already implemented on a gasoline hybrid electric vehicle [1,13]. In previous studies considering SI engines, the main optimization criterion was the overall fuel consumption.…”

Section: Supervisory Control Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the gasoline hybrid vehicle, the energy efficiency improvement is the main objective. Thus, the energy supervisor improves the fuel economy rather than the emissions in warm conditions while the thermal management is the main issue in cold conditions [1]. If we consider hybrid powertrains with a Diesel engine, the Nitrogen Oxide (NO x ) emissions must be considered because the operating regions of maximum efficiency and minimum NO x emissions are generally not the same.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Management Strategies for Diesel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Grondin

Thibault

Quérel

2014

Oil Gas Sci. Technol. – Rev. IFP Energies nouvelles

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-This paper focuses on hybrid energy management for a Diesel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) with a parallel architecture. The proposed strategy focuses on the reduction of Nitric Oxides (NO x ) emissions that represents a key issue to meet Diesel emissions standards. The strategy is split in two separated functions aiming at limiting the NO x in steady-state and transient operating conditions. The first functions, control the torque split between the engine and the electric motor. This energy management is based on the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) where an additional degree of freedom is introduced to tune the optimization trade-offs from the pure fuel economy case to the pure NO x limitation case. The second function adapts the torque split ratio between the motor and the engine, initially computed from the optimal control strategy during transient operations where NO x are produced. The engine torque correction relies on mean value models for the EGR system dynamics and for the NO x formation. This paper applies a methodology based on Software in the Loop (SiL) and Hardware in the Loop (HiL) simulations in order to understand the system performance according to the powertrain configurations and also to tune the proposed energy management strategy. The simulation results are confirmed by experiments performed on Hybrid-Hardware in the Loop (Hy-HiL) test bench. This work shows the potential of using the hybrid architecture to limit NO x emissions by choosing the best operating point and by limiting the engine dynamics. The NO x reduction has limited impact on fuel consumption.Re´sume´-Lois de gestion de l'energie pour le ve´hicule hybride Diesel -Cet article pre´sente une strate´gie de gestion de l'e´nergie pour un ve´hicule hybride paralle`le muni d'une motorisation Diesel. Cette strate´gie est consacre´e a`la re´duction des e´missions d'oxydes d'azote (NO x ) dont la de´pollution constitue une proble´matique majeure pour l'homologation des ve´hicules Diesel. La strate´gie comporte deux fonctions distinctes visant a`limiter les e´missions de NO x en re´gime stabilise´et en re´gime transitoire. La premie`re fonction agit sur la re´partition de couple entre le moteur thermique et la machine e´lectrique. L'approche ECMS (Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, ou strate´gie de minimisation de la consommation e´quivalente) est utilise´e pour ge´rer la re´paration de couple et dans notre cas elle inte`gre dans la fonction couˆt un compromis entre la consommation et les e´missions de NO x . La seconde fonction corrige la re´partition de couple issue de l'ECMS mais uniquement en re´gime transitoire et afin de re´duire les pics d'e´missions de NO x . L'adaptation de la re´partition de couple repose sur des mode`les moyens du syste`me EGR et de la formation des NO x . Cet article pre´sente le principe de ces strate´gies et leur comportement est analyse´graˆce a`un simulateur repre´sentatif des e´missions polluantes. Ces re´sultats sont comple´te´s par des essais expe´rimentaux sur un...

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A novel real‐time energy management strategy for plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles based on equivalence factor dynamic optimization method

2020

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The universal adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS) has the potential of being implemented in real-time for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, the imprecise prediction of a longterm future driving cycle and biggish computation burdens remain the barriers for further real vehicle application. Thus, it is of great significance to develop a real-time optimal energy management strategy for PHEVs by weakening the influence of future driving cycle to the control accuracy and improving its computation efficiency. In this paper, a novel real-time energy management strategy for PHEVs based on equivalence factor (EF) dynamic optimization method is proposed. Firstly, a novel proportional plus integral adaption law for calculating the dynamic optimal EF is established for A-ECMS using only instantaneous information of current vehicle speed and battery state of charge. Second, three key coefficients are obtained and converted into a threedimensional look up tables, so as to determine the dynamic optimal EF. Finally, the method of fast searching the optimal engine torque is proposed, which significantly enhances the computational efficiency. Compared with A-ECMS, the computational time of A-ECMS2 is decreased near 94.8% and the deviation of fuel consumption is controlled within 4.4%. Both the numerical results and hardware-in-loop results prove that the proposed novel energy management strategy A-ECMS2 has better real-time performance and less computing burden than the general A-ECMS.

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Online optimal control of a parallel hybrid with costate adaptation rule

Cited by 61 publications

References 6 publications

Optimal Control of Electrified Powertrains

Optimal Control of Electrified Powertrains

Energy Management Strategies for Diesel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A novel real‐time energy management strategy for plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles based on equivalence factor dynamic optimization method

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