“…- A survey of research articles and books describing internet memes that were published during the pandemic. These sources analyzed several hundred, and in some cases several thousand memes (e.g., Nicholls, 2020 ; Taecharungroj & Nueangjamnong, 2015 ; Sebba-Elran, 2021 ). Each source tended to focus on one main issue, such as a possible infringement of copyright laws by the memes’ creators ( Adler & Fromer, 2022 ), the satirical use of memes to ridicule political leaders (Mpufu, 2022; Rehak & Trnka, 2019 ), the kinds of humor that were used ( Sebba-Elran, 2021 ) or the impact memes could have on a wide range of feelings that the pandemic and lockdowns evoked, from depression and fear to resilience and well-being ( Wenderoth, 2020 ; Reizer, Munk & Frankfurter, 2022; Fessel, 2020 ).
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