Online availability of fish antibiotics and documented intent for self-medication

Zhang, Weiwei; Williams, Austin Corbett; Griffith, Nicole; Gaskins, Jessica; Bookstaver, P. Brandon

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238538

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Most antibiotics are used outside hospitals worldwide, and access to antibiotics without a prescription is relatively frequent [ 49 , 50 ]. The number of people looking for antibiotics online may have increased since the beginning of the COVID-19 era, so people avoid going to the doctor in person [ 51 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Medication With Antibiotics: An Element Increasing Resistance

Sachdev¹,

Anjankar²,

Agrawal³

2022

Cureus

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Self-medication refers to the consumption of drugs such as antibiotics by individuals based on their own experience and knowledge, without consulting a doctor either for diagnosis or prescription. The inappropriate use of antibiotics is the primary source of antibiotic resistance (AR) development in microorganisms. As a result, some specific types of microorganisms that are naturally resistant to antibiotics have become considerably more common. Self-medication poses a danger to the advantages of antibiotics since it results in financial burdens on low and middle-income countries (LMICs), management failures, the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacterial serotypes, and a higher risk of contamination of the general population by such tensions. Antibiotic misuse puts patients at risk for adverse drug reactions, false symptom relief, and the rise of drug-resistant microorganisms. It carries many health risks, chiefly in LMICs. These risks are linked to various factors, including a shortage of medical experts, low-level healthcare facilities, unregulated medication delivery, and negative public perceptions of doctors. The primary issue with self-medication is that majority of the population is uninformed of the harmful consequences of antibiotic resistance and how they might donate to it by self-diagnosing and self-treating with antibiotics. Antibiotic self-medication remains a common practice in society, and educational attainment significantly affects the frequency of this behavior. The article aims to educate the people by showing the development and plausible future to decrease antibiotic misuse. It also tells about the various challenges and prevention of this preceding problem.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Medication With Antibiotics: An Element Increasing Resistance

Sachdev¹,

Anjankar²,

Agrawal³

2022

Cureus

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“…The human ARP of antimicrobials was 4 times the pet price. When antimicrobial access is appropriately limited through human sources by requiring a prescription, patients may turn to more accessible—and cheaper—pet antimicrobials …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When antimicrobial access is appropriately limited through human sources by requiring a prescription, patients m a y t u r n t o m o r e a c c e s s i b l e -a n d c h e a p e r -p e t antimicrobials. 5,6 This work has limitations, including medication prices being dynamic, opaque rebates underlying discounted prices, and prices for humans often not being proportional to drug strength or fill quantity. Nonetheless, this study demonstrates that cash prices for generic medications should be transparent and accessible to people, for their own use and for their pets.…”

Section: Human Discounted Price-to-pet Price Ratio Human Average Reta...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Price Comparison of Human and Veterinary Formulations of Common Medications

Haque

Chencheri²,

Virnig

et al. 2022

JAMA Intern Med

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In 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration oversaw the marketing of approximately 20 000 medications for human use and 1600 for veterinary use. Some medications are common to both pets and humans, and price differences can be extreme. In 1991, levamisoleintroduced in the 1960s as a veterinary antiparasitic medication-demonstrated efficacy in treating human colon cancer. The introductory human price of Janssen's Ergamisol (brand-name levamisole; $5 per 50-mg tablet) was 100 times the then veterinary price (approximately $0.05 for an equivalent amount). 1 In 2021, demand for ivermectin for treatment of COVID-19, fueled by misinformation, led to people seeking veterinary formulations of the drug, increasing the price 15fold over a month ($6 to $92 for 3 tubes). 2 In this crosssectional study, we sought to compare prices of commonly prescribed medications used to treat both humans and pets.

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“…Reports of people self-medicating with antimicrobials intended for aquatic use have prompted FDA to formally advise against this practice (Ornamental Fish Drugs and You, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ). To practice and promote antimicrobial stewardship, some pet industry retailers have elected to not sell antimicrobials for aquatic life and other species or to sell them in forms that are not easily consumed by people (Wei-Haas, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%