One-step hydrothermal synthesis of nano zinc carbonate and its use as a promising substitute for antimony trioxide in flame retardant flexible poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract

In this article, zinc carbonate with a nano size (nano ZnCO 3 ) was prepared by the reaction of zinc nitrite and urea in a one step hydrothermal synthesis. The effects of antimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ), nano ZnCO 3 and their mixture with different weight ratios on the flame retardancy of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were studied by using a limiting oxygen index test (LOI), a vertical burning test (UL-94) and a cone calorimeter test (CCT). The thermal stability of flame retardant flexible PVC composites was detected by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Very interestingly, it was found that substituting 75% Sb 2 O 3 with nano ZnCO 3 in the flexible PVC obviously improved the dripping behavior in a UL-94 test, increased the LOI value and greatly reduced the peak heat release rate and total heat release simultaneously in comparison to using them separately, suggesting a significant synergistic effect between nano ZnCO 3 and Sb 2 O 3 on improving the flame retardancy of flexible PVC. Importantly, tensile tests showed the addition of nano ZnCO 3 significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of flexible PVC. This work has offered a new approach to develop low or non Sb 2 O 3 containing flame retardant flexible PVC composites.

Internally plasticized PVC materials via covalent attachment of aminated tung oil methyl ester

“…The second stage was attributed to cyclization of conjugated polyene sequences. 47,48 An interesting phenomenon can be found from Table 3, the T d , T p1 and T p2 for pure PVC was 278. 4 C, 291.5 C and 467.4, but these characteristic temperatures decreased gradually with increasing substitution of chlorine atoms with aminated tung oil methyl ester, indicating the self-plasticizing PVC materials were less thermal stable than pure PVC due to the active secondary amine groups.…”

Graphene-based flame retardants: a review

“…Metals or metal derivative-based nanomaterials include metal oxides, metal hydroxides and other metallic compounds, such as Co 3 O 4 [106], SnO 2 [107], Ce-MnO 2 [108], TiO 2 [109,110], CuO [111], NiO [106], [114], NiCe x O y [115], ZrO 2 [116], Ni(OH) 2 [116], MnCo 2 O 4 [38], FeOOH [117], AlOOH [118], NiAl-LDH [119] (LDH represents to layered double hydroxide), NiFe-LDH [120], Co(OH) 2 [121], ZnS [122], ZnCO 3 [123], MoS 2 [124], Al(H 2 PO 2 ) 3 [125], ferrocene (Fc) [126], zirconium organophosphate [127], nano-Sb 2 O 3 [128] and zinc hydroxystannate [129,130]. They can also be classified into zero-dimensional nanoparticles, onedimensional nanowires/nanorods/nanotubes and two-dimensional nanoplates/nanobelts.…”

Design and synthesis of a castor oil based plasticizer containing THEIC and diethyl phosphate groups for the preparation of flame-retardant PVC materials

“…The second step occurred between 350 and 500 C and was attributed to the cyclization of the conjugated polyene sequences to form aromatic compounds. [23][24][25] The thermal degradation rate increased gradually with the replacement of DOP and THEIC-MR-phosphate in the temperature range of 300-500 C. This illustrated that the THEIC-MR-phosphate enhanced the thermal stability of the PVC materials in the temperature range 300-500 C. The carbon residue rate of D-1, N-1, N-2 and N-3 was 8.60, 13.11, 15.08 and 17.78%, respectively, at 600 C. The char residue of the PVC materials increased gradually with the addition of the THEIC-MRphosphate, which proved that the THEIC-MR-phosphate enhanced the char yield. 3.2.2 DSC of PVC materials.…”