“…In 2018, Khalid et al demonstrated the use of a camphor sulfonic acid (CAS) induces topological defects in the Co 3 O 4 /NSC (NSC-N,S co-doped carbon), where abundant defect sites can modulate the surface/ electronic properties of the catalysts to boost catalytic activity. [217] Similarly, the use of tannic acid for the formation of oxygen defects was reported by Wang et al [218] In detail, pyrolysis of tannic-acid modified ZIF-67 (TAMZIF-67) precursor results in the formation of hollow Co 3 O 4 /N-doped carbon composite (O v -HCo 3 O 4 @NC) with oxygen defects. The DFT calculations suggest that O v -HCo 3 O 4 @NC hollow structure catalysts could ensure delocalization of electrons associated with Co-O bond in Co 3 O 4 , which may modulate electronic structure with improved conductivity and provide plenty of active sites to enhance OER activity.…”