One-Month Prevalence of Mental Disorders in the United States

Regier, Darrel A.; Boyd, Jeffrey H.; Burke, Jack D.; Rae, Donald S.; Myers, Jerome K.; Kramer, Morton; Robins, Lee N.; George, Linda K.; Karno, Marvin; Locke, Ben Z.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800350011002

Cited by 1,542 publications

(335 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Similar age-related declines have been observed in the prevalence of ASPD (Regier, Boyd, Burke, Rae, Myers, Kramer, et al, 1988) and in criminal behaviour in general (Farrington, 1986), suggesting that certain behaviour-related traits related to psychopathy decrease in severity with age. Although there is evidence that the criminal activities of psychopathic offenders may decline in frequency with age (Harpur & Hare, 1994), this may be an artifact related to being in prison for longer periods than other offenders as they age (Porter, Birt, & Boer, 2001).…”

Section: Demography and Intelligencesupporting

confidence: 56%

Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain

Coid

Yang

Ullrich

et al. 2009

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

269

175

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There are no previous surveys of psychopathy and psychopathic traits in representative general population samples using standardized instruments. This study aimed to measure prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits, based on a two-phase survey using the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL: SV) in 638 individuals, 16-74 years, in households in England, Wales and Scotland. The weighted prevalence of psychopathy was 0.6% (95% CI: 0.2-1.6) at a cut score of 13, similar to the noncriminal/nonpsychiatric sample described in the manual of the PCL: SV. Psychopathy scores correlated with: younger age, male gender; suicide attempts, violent behaviour, imprisonment and homelessness; drug dependence; histrionic, borderline and adult antisocial personality disorders; panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders. This survey demonstrated that, as measured by the PCL: SV, psychopathy is rare, affecting less than 1% of the household population, although it is prevalent among prisoners, homeless persons, and psychiatric admissions. There is a halfnormal distribution of psychopathic traits in the general population, with the majority having no traits, a significant proportion with non-zero values, and a severe subgroup of persons with multiple associated social and behavioral problems. This distribution has implications for research into the etiology of psychopathy and its implications for society.

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Section: Demography and Intelligencesupporting

confidence: 56%

Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain

Coid

Yang

Ullrich

et al. 2009

International Journal of Law and Psychiatry

269

175

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Sex differences in brain structures and mechanisms occur in other brain regions besides hypothalamus, such as hippocampus, and they appear to be involved in aspects of cognitive function and other processes that go beyond the reproductive process itself, such as the higher incidence of depression in women and of substance abuse in men (122). There are also sex differences in the severity of brain damage resulting from transient ischemia (49) and sex differences in the response of the brain to lesions (104) and to severe, chronic stress (100,141).…”

Section: Importance Of Sex Differences and Sex Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and the Aging Hippocampus

McEwen

1999

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

204

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The ''glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis'' of hippocampal aging has stimulated a great deal of research into the neuroendocrine aspects of aging and the role of glucocorticoids, in particular. Besides strengthening the methods for investigating the aging brain, this research has revealed that the interactions between glucocorticoids and hippocampal neurons are far more complicated than originally envisioned and involve the participation of neurotransmitter systems, particularly the excitatory amino acids, as well as calcium ions and neurotrophins. New information has provided insights into the role of early experience in determining individual differences in brain and body aging by setting the reactivity of the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system. As a result of this research and advances in neuroscience and the study of aging, we now have a far more sophisticated view of the interactions among genes, early development, and environmental influences, as well as a greater appreciation of events at the cellular and molecular levels which protect neurons, and a greater appreciation of pathways of neuronal damage and destruction. While documenting the ultimate vulnerability of the brain to stressful challenges and to the aging process, the net result of this research has highlighted the resilience of the brain and offered new hope for treatment strategies for promoting the health of the aging brain. KEY WORDS: stress; hippocampal aging; glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. 1999 Academic Press INTRODUCTIONThe hippocampus is a particularly vulnerable and sensitive region of the brain that is also very important for declarative and spatial learning and memory (36). Hippocampal neurons are vulnerable to seizures, strokes, and head trauma, as well as responding to stressful experiences (27,92,130). At the same time they show remarkable plasticity, involving long-term synaptic potentiation and depression, dendritic remodeling, synaptic turnover, and neurogenesis in the case of the dentate gyrus (Fig 1) (17,27,92).The work of aus der Muhlen and Ockenfels (3) first drew attention to potentially toxic actions of adrenal steroids. The reported darkly stained neurons in the hippocampus of guinea pigs exposed to high levels of glucocorticoids, an observation that has been confirmed and extended to repeated stress in subsequent studies (41,100), although there are still some doubts as to whether ''dark neurons'' may be artifacts of tissue trauma (18). In 1968, we discovered receptors for adrenal steroids in hippocampus (95), and it is now known that two types of adrenal steroid receptors exist in the hippocampus and other brain regions and mediate a variety of adrenal steroid effects on excitability, neurochemistry, and structure (27). Landfield (68) and then Sapolsky (127,128) provided evidence for a role of adrenal steroids in neuronal aging in the hippocampus, leading to the formulation of the ''glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis '' (130). This hypothesis states that glucocorticoids participate in a ...

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“…13 However, only a relatively small proportion of dysthymic individuals seek treatment for their illness, likely owing to the mild nature of the symptoms and their insidious onset, coupled with the individual's lack of insight. Indeed, the illness often appears in childhood and adolescence, 14,15 and as a result of the long-term, low-grade nature of the illness, dysthymia might not be perceived as differing from the individual's norm.…”

Section: Dysthymia: Clinical and Epidemiological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dysthymia: a review of pharmacological and behavioral factors

et al. 2000

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Although dysthymia, a chronic, low-grade form of depression, has a morbidity rate as high as that of major depression, and increases the risk for major depressive disorder, limited information is available concerning the etiology of this illness. In the present report we review literature concerning the biological and characterological features of dysthymia, the effectiveness of antidepressant treatments, the influence of stressors in the precipitation and maintenance of the disorder, and both quality of life and psychosocial correlates of the illness. We also provisionally suggest that dysthymia may stem from disturbances of neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter functioning (eg, corticotropin releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin within the hypothalamus, or alternatively monoamine variations within several extrahypothalamic sites), and may also involve cytokine activation. The central disturbances may reflect phenotypic variations of neuroendocrine processes or sensitization of such mechanisms. It is suggested that chronic stressor experiences or stressors encountered early in life lead to the phenotypic neurochemical alterations, which then favor the development of the dysthymic state. Owing to the persistence of the neurochemical disturbances, vulnerability to double depression is increased, and in this instance treatment with antidepressants may attenuate the symptoms of major depression but not those of the basal dysthymic state. Moreover, the residual features of depression following treatment may be indicative of underlying neurochemical disturbances, and may also serve to increase the probability of illness recurrence or relapse. Molecular Psychiatry (2000) 5, 242-261.

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One-Month Prevalence of Mental Disorders in the United States

Cited by 1,542 publications

References 44 publications

Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain

Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain

Stress and the Aging Hippocampus

Dysthymia: a review of pharmacological and behavioral factors

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