One-dollar microfluidic paper-based analytical devices: Do-It-Yourself approaches

Singhal, Hardik Ramesh; Prabhu, Anusha; Nandagopal, M. S. Giri; Thangaraju, D.; Mani, Naresh Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2021.106126

Cited by 38 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Methods for generating such barriers include photolithography, stamping, origami, and chemical modification. One method for imprinting a hydrophobic barrier on a PAD to prevent leakage of the analytes is discussed later in this section [38,[43][44][45].…”

Section: Cellulose Substrates As Microfluidic Analytical Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Facile fabrication can also possibly extend to localizing the production of analytical devices in the communities in Fig. 6 Integration of paper-and thread-based microfluidic devices with hygiene products and their possibilities which they are needed the most, by on the do-ityourself(DIY) aspect of fabrication [43,121]. This can be facilitated by developing techniques that use off-the-shelf materials such as pens [122], stamps [123], and generalpurpose stationery [124,125] for fabrication which can be easily done by hand or easily automated.…”

Section: Future Trends and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paper and thread as media for the frugal detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs)

et al. 2021

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) make up a significant proportion of the global burden of disease in vulnerable groups and tend to substantially impair the quality of life of those affected, making timely detection of UTIs a priority for public health. However, economic and societal barriers drastically reduce accessibility of traditional lab-based testing methods for critical patient groups in low-resource areas, negatively affecting their overall healthcare outcomes. As a result, cellulose-based materials such as paper and thread have garnered significant interest among researchers as substrates for so-called frugal analytical devices which leverage the material’s portability and adaptability for facile and reproducible diagnoses of UTIs. Although the field may be only in its infancy, strategies aimed at commercial penetration can appreciably increase access to more healthcare options for at-risk people. In this review, we catalogue recent advances in devices that use cellulose-based materials as the primary housing or medium for UTI detection and chart out trends in the field. We also explore different modalities employed for detection, with particular emphasis on their ability to be ported onto discreet casings such as sanitary products. Graphical abstract

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Section: Cellulose Substrates As Microfluidic Analytical Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Future Trends and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paper and thread as media for the frugal detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs)

et al. 2021

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“…As a result, they are not widely adopted in the clinical setting in low- and middle-income countries. In the case of microfluidic systems, there is the benefit of miniaturization with a wide variety of design and manufacturing techniques, and these platforms seek to reduce reagent consumption without sacrificing high performance [ 40 , 41 ]. Paper-based POCs can achieve the potential for high-throughput screening by performing multiple reactions or multi-step screening even in low-cost settings and have been shown to be feasible to manufacture at low cost and with simple laboratory equipment [ 40 , 42 ].…”

Section: Main Components Of Paper-based Point-of-care Platformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Challenges and Future Trends of Enzymatic Paper-Based Point-of-Care Testing for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

2021

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A point-of-care (POC) can be defined as an in vitro diagnostic test that can provide results within minutes. It has gained enormous attention as a promising tool for biomarkers detection and diagnosis, as well as for screening of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is one of the metabolic disorders that has grown exponentially in recent years, becoming one of the greatest challenges to health systems. Early detection and accurate diagnosis of this disorder are essential to provide adequate treatments. However, efforts to reduce incidence should remain not only in these stages but in developing continuous monitoring strategies. Diabetes-monitoring tools must be accessible and affordable; thus, POC platforms are attractive, especially paper-based ones. Paper-based POCs are simple and portable, can use different matrixes, do not require highly trained staff, and are less expensive than other platforms. These advantages enhance the viability of its application in low-income countries and hard-to-reach zones. This review aims to present a critical summary of the main components required to create a sensitive and affordable enzymatic paper-based POC, as well as an oriented analysis to highlight the main limitations and challenges of current POC devices for diabetes type 2 monitoring and future research opportunities in the field.

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“…Among them, penon-paper (PoP) strategies involve the use of a writing tool (i.e., suitable pen, crayon, pencil or marker) to deposit functional materials on paper substrates with the view to create either hydrophobic patterns or conductive areas (electrodes) [15]. PoP is considered as a promising do-it-yourself approach towards the fabrication of "one-dollar PADs" [16,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, applicability of the fully PoP-drawn PADs was demonstrated for optical and electrochemical detection. Compared to the most popular PAD fabrication methods (wax printing, inkjet printing and lithography), the proposed PoP approach exhibits the following advantages: it does not require pre-or post-fabrication treatment (heating or curing), thereby simplifying and speeding up the manufacturing process; it utilizes lower cost and commercially available writing stationary; it offers greater flexibility since the drawing process can be readily fine-tuned (in terms of single-or double-sided plotting, number of passes and plotting speed); and, more significantly, it enables the fabrication of both fluidic patterns and electrodes with the same equipment in a sequential dual-step mode by merely exchanging writing tools [15,16,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a High-Throughput Low-Cost Approach for Fabricating Fully Drawn Paper-Based Analytical Devices Using Commercial Writing Tools

et al. 2021

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This work reports the development and optimization of a rapid and low-cost pen-on-paper plotting approach for the fabrication of paper-based analytical devices (PADs) using commercial writing stationery. The desired fluidic patterns were drawn on the paper substrate with commercial marker pens using an inexpensive computer-controlled x–y plotter. For the fabrication of electrochemical PADs, electrodes were further deposited on the devices using a second x–y plotting step with commercial writing pencils. The effect of the fabrication parameters (type of paper, type of marker pen, type of pencil, plotting speed, number of passes, single- vs. double-sided plotting), the chemical resistance of the plotted devices to different solvents and the structural rigidity to multiple loading cycles were assessed. The analytical utility of these devices is demonstrated through application in optical sensing of total phenols using reflectance calorimetry and in electrochemical sensing of paracetamol and ascorbic acid. The proposed manufacturing approach is simple, low cost, flexible, rapid and fit-for-purpose and enables the fabrication of sub-“one-dollar” PADs with satisfactory mechanical and chemical resistance and good analytical performance.

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One-dollar microfluidic paper-based analytical devices: Do-It-Yourself approaches

Cited by 38 publications

References 108 publications

Paper and thread as media for the frugal detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Paper and thread as media for the frugal detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Current Challenges and Future Trends of Enzymatic Paper-Based Point-of-Care Testing for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Development of a High-Throughput Low-Cost Approach for Fabricating Fully Drawn Paper-Based Analytical Devices Using Commercial Writing Tools

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