Once-daily budesonide aqueous nasal spray for allergic rhinitis: A review

Intranasal budesonide in children affected by persistent allergic rhinitis and its effect on nasal patency and Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) score

“…Antihistamines are widely used for AR treatment and are effective in relieving sneezing, rhinorrhea, and itching although they have little effect on nasal congestion and are most effective when ocular symptoms are prominent 15,16 . They control symptoms of the early-phase inflammatory response through the action on histamine1 receptors while they have no effect on the late-phase inflammatory response and on the underlying inflammatory process 16 .…”

“…They control symptoms of the early-phase inflammatory response through the action on histamine1 receptors while they have no effect on the late-phase inflammatory response and on the underlying inflammatory process 16 . INSs have been shown to be the most useful treatment for AR and they are effective against the entire spectrum of AR symptoms since they inhibit both the early-and late-phase inflammatory responses 15,16 .…”

“…Intranasal corticosteroids (INS) are recognized as the most effective treatment for AR and are considered firstline therapy for moderate to severe persistent AR 3 since their efficacy is based on their capacity to inhibit both the early-and late-phase inflammatory responses 4 . Moreover, although AR is characterized by symptoms such as nasal discharge, itching and sneezing, nasal blockage or congestion has been reported as a 'key symptom' 5 .…”

Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008*

“…Fluticasone propionate is approved for children aged 4 years and older (2213, [2220][2221][2222], and other intranasal glucocorticosteroids may be used in those over the age of 5 years (1518,2223,2224).…”

Uptake and metabolism of ciclesonide and retention of desisobutyryl-ciclesonide for up to 24 hours in rabbit nasal mucosa

“…Intranasal corticosteroids are usually formulated and administered via an isotonic medium [16-18] However, ciclesonide is formulated in a hypotonic suspension. The viscous consistency of the hypotonic suspension provides longer retardation of ciclesonide on nasal mucosa and a high local concentration of ciclesonide to increase its absorption into nasal mucosa [19].…”