On Wireless Channel Parameters for Key Generation in Industrial Environments

Kreiser, Dan; Dyka, Zoya; Kornemann, Stephan; Wittke, Christian; Kabin, Ievgen; Stecklina, Oliver; Langendoerfer, Peter

doi:10.1109/access.2017.2748182

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…For example, ∆t = 60 µs is achieved in a WiFi system [60], [201], hence the channel's cross-correlation is only modestly impacted by non-simultaneous measurements in this case. Thanks to the channel reciprocity of TDD, most of the existing key generation implementations are realized in the TDD mode, as exemplified by employing WiFi [201]- [203], ZigBee [204], Bluetooth [76], UWB [166], and LoRa [77]- [79].…”

Section: ) Tdd Modementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sensors remain at the same place once deployed, hence the channel variation is very limited. Kreiser et al [204] investigated key generation in an industrial environment associated with two moveable robot arms and a milling machine. Based on the experiments, the authors concluded that key generation does not work well in this kind of demanding scenarios.…”

Section: A Application Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

et al. 2020

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative technology, which is revolutionizing our everyday life by connecting everyone and everything together. The massive number of devices are preferably connected wirelessly because of the easy installment and flexible deployment. However, the broadcast nature of the wireless medium makes the information accessible to everyone including malicious users, which should hence be protected by encryption. Unfortunately, the secure and efficient provision of cryptographic keys for low-cost IoT devices is challenging; weak keys have resulted in severe security breaches, as evidenced by numerous notorious cyberattacks. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of lightweight security solutions conceived for IoT, relying on key generation from wireless channels. We first introduce the key generation fundamentals and protocols. We then examine how to apply this emerging technique to secure IoT and demonstrate that key generation relying on the randomness of wireless channels is eminently suitable for IoT. This paper reviews the extensive research efforts in the areas of theoretical modelling, simulation based validation and experimental exploration. We finally discuss the hurdles and challenges that key generation is facing and suggest future work to make key generation a reliable and secure solution to safeguard the IoT.

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Section: ) Tdd Modementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Application Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

et al. 2020

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“…The reciprocity of interpolated measurements are improved and the effect of the normalized Doppler frequency on the correlation coefficient is reduced. Therefore, many CRKG applications and prototypes have been reported in TDD systems, e.g., by employing WiFi [ 23 , 24 ], ZigBee [ 25 ], and Bluetooth [ 26 ].…”

Section: Crkg In Three Typical Duplex Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 6 shows a good agreement between the channel measurements of Alice and Bob in both directions for four trials (A-B represents the channel from Alice to Bob and B-A represents the channel from Bob to Alice). The applicability of CRKG is also investigated for the field of automation systems using channel parameters recorded in a real industrial environment [ 25 ]. Up to now, low secret key rates are reported to support low data rate links.…”

Section: Bringing Crkg Into the Field: Securing Practical Iot Commmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Layer Key Generation in 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: Challenges and Opportunities

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2019

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The fifth generation (5G) and beyond wireless communications will transform many exciting applications and trigger massive data connections with private, confidential, and sensitive information. The security of wireless communications is conventionally established by cryptographic schemes and protocols in which the secret key distribution is one of the essential primitives. However, traditional cryptography-based key distribution protocols might be challenged in the 5G and beyond communications because of special features such as device-to-device and heterogeneous communications, and ultra-low latency requirements. Channel reciprocity-based key generation (CRKG) is an emerging physical layer-based technique to establish secret keys between devices. This article reviews CRKG when the 5G and beyond networks employ three candidate technologies: duplex modes, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and mmWave communications. We identify the opportunities and challenges for CRKG and provide corresponding solutions. To further demonstrate the feasibility of CRKG in practical communication systems, we overview existing prototypes with different IoT protocols and examine their performance in real-world environments. This article shows the feasibility and promising performances of CRKG with the potential to be commercialized.

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“…Several types of channel parameters can be obtained from the communication between wireless devices, i.e., received signal strength (RSS) [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], channel impulse response (CIR) [ 30 ], and ultra-wideband (UWB) [ 31 ]. These parameters are obtained from the average signal strength provided by the physical layer within a certain time period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple Secret Key Generation by Using a Combination of Pre-Processing Method with a Multilevel Quantization

Yuliana

Wirawan

Suwadi

2019

Entropy

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Limitations of the computational and energy capabilities of IoT devices provide new challenges in securing communication between devices. Physical layer security (PHYSEC) is one of the solutions that can be used to solve the communication security challenges. In this paper, we conducted an investigation on PHYSEC which utilizes channel reciprocity in generating a secret key, commonly known as secret key generation (SKG) schemes. Our research focused on the efforts to get a simple SKG scheme by eliminating the information reconciliation stage so as to reduce the high computational and communication cost. We exploited the pre-processing method by proposing a modified Kalman (MK) and performing a combination of the method with a multilevel quantization, i.e., combined multilevel quantization (CMQ). Our approach produces a simple SKG scheme for its significant increase in reciprocity so that an identical secret key between two legitimate users can be obtained without going through the information reconciliation stage.

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On Wireless Channel Parameters for Key Generation in Industrial Environments

Cited by 13 publications

References 8 publications

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

A New Frontier for IoT Security Emerging From Three Decades of Key Generation Relying on Wireless Channels

Physical Layer Key Generation in 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: Challenges and Opportunities

A Simple Secret Key Generation by Using a Combination of Pre-Processing Method with a Multilevel Quantization

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