Physical Layer Key Generation in 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: Challenges and Opportunities

Li, Guyue; Sun, Chen; Zhang, Junqing; Jorswieck, Eduard A.; Xiao, Bin; Hu, Aiqun

doi:10.3390/e21050497

Cited by 78 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Identity vulnerabilities in the IoT networks contain these main facets as follows. First, cryptographic keys or certificates cannot be efficiently distributed due to the limited computing power leading to weak authentication [1]. Second, default keys or credentials can be brute-forced by high-computing-power attackers, extracted from device firmware or mobile apps, or intercepted at login [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio Frequency Fingerprint Identification Based on Denoising Autoencoders

Zhou

et al. 2019

2019 International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob)

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Radio Frequency Fingerprinting (RFF) is one of the promising passive authentication approaches for improving the security of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, with the proliferation of low-power IoT devices, it becomes imperative to improve the identification accuracy at low SNR scenarios. To address this problem, this paper proposes a general Denoising Au-toEncoder (DAE)-based model for deep learning RFF techniques. Besides, a partially stacking method is designed to appropriately combine the semi-steady and steady-state RFFs of ZigBee devices. The proposed Partially Stacking-based Convolutional DAE (PSC-DAE) aims at reconstructing a high-SNR signal as well as device identification. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), PSCDAE can improve the identification accuracy by 14% to 23.5% at low SNRs (from -10 dB to 5 dB) under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) corrupted channels. Even at SNR = 10 dB, the identification accuracy is as high as 97.5%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio Frequency Fingerprint Identification Based on Denoising Autoencoders

Zhou

et al. 2019

2019 International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob)

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“…Meanwhile, wireless transmission is vulnerable to eavesdropping attacks due to the broadcast nature of the wireless medium. Therefore, safeguarding data transmission is given the top priority in the development of next-generation wireless networks [1,2]. A paradigmatic problem of securing data transmission is the key distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, with the lowest time delay cost, HIRP reaches the highest reconciliation efficiency. Entropy 2019, 21, 688 2 of 17Recently, physical layer key generation (PKG) has been emerging as a supplement to the upper layer key distribution method [2]. The underlying idea of it lies in the use of channel reciprocity and the uncertainty of multipath characteristics to encrypt the transmitted information in order to solve the problem of symmetric secret key distribution [3,4].…”

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confidence: 99%

A Hybrid Information Reconciliation Method for Physical Layer Key Generation

Zhang

et al. 2019

Entropy

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Physical layer key generation (PKG) has become a research focus as it solves the key distribution problem, which is difficult in traditional cryptographic mechanisms. Information reconciliation is a critical process in PKG to obtain symmetric keys. Various reconciliation schemes have been proposed, including the error detection protocol-based approach (EDPA) and error correction code-based approach (ECCA). Both EDPA and ECCA have advantages and drawbacks, regarding information leakage, interaction delay, and computation complexity. In this paper, we choose the BBBSS protocol from EDPA and BCH code from ECCA as a case study, analyzing their comprehensive efficiency performance versus pass number and bit disagreement ratio (BDR), respectively. Next, we integrate the strength of the two to design a new hybrid information reconciliation protocol (HIRP). The design of HIRP consists of three main phases, i.e., training, table lookup, and testing. To comprehensively evaluate the reconciliation schemes, we propose a novel efficiency metric to achieve a balance of corrected bits, information leakage, time delay, and computation time, which represents the effectively corrected bits per unit time. The simulation results show that our proposed method outperforms other reconciliation schemes to improve the comprehensive reconciliation efficiency. The average improvement in efficiency is 2.48 and 22.36 times over the BBBSS and BCH code, respectively, when the range of the BDR is from 0.5% to 11.5%. Compared to the BBBSS protocol and the BCH code, HIRP lies at a mid-level in terms of information leakage and computation time cost. Besides, with the lowest time delay cost, HIRP reaches the highest reconciliation efficiency. Entropy 2019, 21, 688 2 of 17Recently, physical layer key generation (PKG) has been emerging as a supplement to the upper layer key distribution method [2]. The underlying idea of it lies in the use of channel reciprocity and the uncertainty of multipath characteristics to encrypt the transmitted information in order to solve the problem of symmetric secret key distribution [3,4]. Besides, the spatial variation prevents eavesdroppers from observing the same randomness as legitimate users, for a sufficiently large distance between them.Although the uplink and downlink channels are reciprocal, measurements of radio channels are not the same, due to the differences originating from additive noise, transceiver hardware, and time delay in time division duplex (TDD) systems [5]. However, the objective of PKG is to generate a pair of strict identical symmetric keys. Even one bit of difference would lead to decryption failure due to the avalanche effect. To address this issue, information reconciliation is exploited to detect and correct errors in the preliminary key material between the two communicating parties [6].Several information reconciliation approaches have been proposed in previous work. Generally, these approaches can be classified into two categories, i.e., error detection protocol-based approaches (EDPAs...

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“…However, eavesdroppers can decode the encrypted signals if they are equipped with advanced equipment and have enough time for the decoding operation. In [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], the authors introduced a new security method, called physical-layer security (PLS), where characteristics of wireless channels, i.e., distances and channel state information (CSI), can be exploited to ensure confidentiality of the data transmission. To obtain the security in PLS, the secrecy capacity must be greater than zero or the channel capacity of the data link must be better than that of the eavesdropping link.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Comparison between Fountain Codes-Based Secure MIMO Protocols with and without Using Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

Duy

Tran

Trinh³

et al. 2019

Entropy

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In this paper, we propose and evaluate the performance of fountain codes (FCs) based secure transmission protocols in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems, in presence of a passive eavesdropper. In the proposed protocols, a source selects its best antenna to transmit fountain encoded packets to a destination that employs selection combining (SC) or maximal ratio combing (MRC) to enhance reliability of the decoding. The transmission is terminated when the destination has a required number of the encoded packets to reconstruct the original data of the source. Similarly, the eavesdropper also has the ability to recover the source data if it can intercept a sufficient number of the encoded packets. To reduce the number of time slots used, the source can employ non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to send two encoded packets to the destination at each time slot. For performance analysis, exact formulas of average number of time slots (TS) and intercept probability (IP) over Rayleigh fading channel are derived and then verified by Monte-Carlo simulations. The results presented that the protocol using NOMA not only reduces TS but also obtains lower IP at medium and high transmit signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), as compared with the corresponding protocol without using NOMA.

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Physical Layer Key Generation in 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: Challenges and Opportunities

Cited by 78 publications

References 52 publications

Radio Frequency Fingerprint Identification Based on Denoising Autoencoders

Radio Frequency Fingerprint Identification Based on Denoising Autoencoders

A Hybrid Information Reconciliation Method for Physical Layer Key Generation

Performance Comparison between Fountain Codes-Based Secure MIMO Protocols with and without Using Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

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