On the transmissibility of Eperythrozoon suis by Stomoxys calcitrans and Aedes aegypti

Prullage, Joseph B.; Williams, Ralph E.; Gaafar, S. M.

doi:10.1016/0304-4017(93)90013-d

Cited by 58 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The vectorial capacity of mosquitoes for Anaplasma remains to be investigated. Clone B2.5.31, Mycoplasma wenyonii (synonym Eperythrozoon wenyonii) (Table 1), is a close relative of Mycoplasma suis (synonym Eperythrozoon suis) that can be mechanically transmitted between pigs by A. aegypti mosquitoes, according to Prullage et al (28).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

16S rRNA Gene-Based Identification of Midgut Bacteria from Field-Caught Anopheles gambiae Sensu Lato and A. funestus Mosquitoes Reveals New Species Related to Known Insect Symbionts

Lindh

Terenius

Faye

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

173

172

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Field-collected mosquitoes of the two main malaria vectors in Africa, Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and Anopheles funestus, were screened for their midgut bacterial contents. The midgut from each blood-fed mosquito was screened with two different detection pathways, one culture independent and one culture dependent. Bacterial species determination was achieved by sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes. Altogether, 16 species from 14 genera were identified, 8 by each method. Interestingly, several of the bacteria identified are related to bacteria known to be symbionts in other insects. One isolate, Nocardia corynebacterioides, is a relative of the symbiont found in the vector for Chagas' disease that has been proven useful as a paratransgenic bacterium. Another isolate is a novel species within the ␥-proteobacteria that could not be phylogenetically placed within any of the known orders in the class but is close to a group of insect symbionts. Bacteria representing three intracellular genera were identified, among them the first identifications of Anaplasma species from mosquitoes and a new mosquito-Spiroplasma association. The isolates will be further investigated for their suitability for a paratransgenic Anopheles mosquito.Malaria remains the parasitic disease that kills the most people in the world. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes are the main vectors in Africa, where 90% of malaria-related deaths occur. An approach to stop malaria transmission is paratransgenics. In this approach, suitable symbiotic bacteria are genetically modified to produce an antiparasitic factor and then reintroduced into the insect gut, where they kill or inhibit the development of the parasites (4).A few studies have been performed to investigate bacterial species in field-collected Anopheles mosquitoes, all using culturing techniques. Jadin et al. (22) To identify bacterial candidates for a paratransgenic mosquito, we conducted a screen for uncultured and cultured midgut bacteria from wild-caught A. gambiae and A. funestus mosquitoes. MATERIALS AND METHODSField site, mosquitoes, and dissections. Indoor-resting, blood-fed female A. gambiae sensu lato and A. funestus mosquitoes were caught in Lwanda, 12 km east of Mbita Point Research and Training Centre, ICIPE, Suba district, Western Kenya. In total, 116 Anopheles mosquitoes were caught on eight different occasions (A2 to H2). Living mosquitoes were anesthetized with chloroform, the species were determined by morphology and PCR (A. gambiae sensu lato) (30a). The mosquitoes were dissected in a sterile hood. Individual midguts were mashed in 50 l of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl); this suspension was later used for isolation of bacteria and cloning of the 16S rRNA gene from bacteria. Controls for the efficiency of sterilization were treated like the other samples.Bacterial isolation and phenotypic characterization. The midgut suspension was streaked on Luria-Bertani agar (LA) plates and incubated for 48 h at room temperature. All bacteria were restreaked and pre...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

16S rRNA Gene-Based Identification of Midgut Bacteria from Field-Caught Anopheles gambiae Sensu Lato and A. funestus Mosquitoes Reveals New Species Related to Known Insect Symbionts

Lindh

Terenius

Faye

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

173

172

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“…We identified several factors that may have facilitated the rapid spread of the infectious agents from one animal to another in this herd: the animals had experienced an infestation of ticks and lice, and were roaming free within a limited area, and had access to automatically rotating brushes (5). Little is known about the means of transmission of M. wenyonii and other mycoplasma species, but there is some evidence that flies, lice, and fleas may serve as vectors for mechanical transmission (5,15), while blood-sucking arthropods such as ticks may serve as biological vectors (8,23,37). The fact that just a very small portion of the analyzed calves was found to be infected might substantiate this hypothesis, as they are normally less exposed to vectors in the first months of life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification, Molecular Characterization, and Occurrence of Two Bovine Hemoplasma Species in Swiss Cattle and Development of Real-Time TaqMan Quantitative PCR Assays for Diagnosis of Bovine Hemoplasma Infections

et al. 2010

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Concomitantly with an outbreak of fatal anaplasmosis in a cattle herd in Switzerland in 2002, we detected two bovine hemoplasma species in diseased animals: Mycoplasma wenyonii (formerly Eperythrozoon wenyonii) and a second, novel bovine hemoplasma species later designated "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos" (synonym, "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobovis"). The second species was characterized by a shorter 16S rRNA gene. The aims of the present study were to provide a detailed molecular characterization of this species, to develop specific quantitative real-time PCR assays for the two bovine hemoplasma species, and to apply these assays in order to evaluate the prevalence and clinical significance of the hemoplasmas. Sequencing of the near-complete 16S rRNA gene of the second hemoplasma revealed that it was 94% identical to that of Mycoplasma haemofelis, an anemia-inducing feline hemoplasma species, but less than 85% identical to that of the bovine hemoplasma M. wenyonii. Using the newly developed assays, a total of 159 animals from the anaplasmosis outbreak were reexamined. In addition, we tested 57 clinically ill and 61 healthy Swiss cattle, as well as 47 calves. Both hemoplasmas were highly prevalent in adult cattle but occurred rarely in calves. Animals from the herd with the fatal anemia outbreak were more frequently infected with M. wenyonii and exhibited higher M. wenyonii blood loads than animals with unrelated diseases and healthy animals. Coinfections may increase the pathogenicity and clinical significance of bovine hemoplasmosis.

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“…Since hemoplasmas cannot be cultured in vitro, the dose of organisms in experimental infections cannot be accurately measured and interferes with the results. Experimental studies suggest fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) as responsible for the transmission of M. haemofelis and 'Candidatus M. haemominutum' in cats (WOODS et al, 2005), the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus as the main vector of M. haemocanis in dogs (SENEVIRATNA et al, 1973), the lice Polyplax serrata and P. spinulosa as vectors for M. coccoides transmission in mice (BERKENKAMP; WESCOTT, 1988), and Stomoxys calcitrans and Aedes aegypti as vectors of M. suis in pigs (PRULLAGE et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the occurrence of hemoplasmas (hemotrophic mycoplasmas) in Brazil

Biondo¹,

Santos²,

Guimarães³

et al. 2009

RBPV

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Recent studies have been conducted in Brazil using molecular techniques for the detection of hemotrophic mycoplasmas in several mammals. In domestic cats, Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus M. haemominutum', and 'Candidatus M. turicensis' infections have been identified. These species have also been found in free-ranging and captive neotropical felid species. Two canine hemoplasmas, Mycoplasma haemocanis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum', have been identified in dogs. In commercial swine populations, Mycoplasma suis was found to be highly prevalent, especially in sows. Moreover, novel mycoplasma species have been identified in Brazilian commercial pigs and domestic dogs. A hemoplasma infection in a human patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was also recently documented. In conclusion, hemoplasma species are common and important infectious agents in Brazil. Further studies should be conducted to better understand their impact on pets, production animals, and wildlife fauna, as well as their role as zoonotic agents, particularly in immunocompromised patients.Keywords: Hemoplasma, Mycoplasma haemofelis, Mycoplasma suis, HIV. ResumoEstudos recentes utilizando técnicas moleculares para a detecção de micoplasmas hemotróficos em diferentes mamíferos têm sido conduzidos no Brasil. Em gatos domésticos, infecções por Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus M. haemominutum' e 'Candidatus M. turicensis' foram identificadas. Estas espécies também foram encontradas em felídeos neotropicais de vida livre e de cativeiro. Dois hemoplasmas caninos, Mycoplasma haemocanis e 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum', foram identificados em cães domésticos. Em populações comerciais de suínos, Mycoplasma suis possui alta prevalência, especialmente em porcas. Além disso, novas espécies de hemoplasmas foram detectadas em suínos comercias e cães. Infecção por um hemoplasma em um paciente humano infectado com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) foi recentemente documentada. Em conclusão, espécies de hemoplasmas são comuns e importantes agentes de infecções no Brasil. Estudos futuros devem ser conduzidos para melhor entender seu impacto em cães e gatos, animais de produção e na fauna silvestre, e também para determinar o seu papel como agentes zoonóticos, particularmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos.Palavras-chave: Hemoplasma, Mycoplasma haemofelis, Mycoplasma suis, HIV.

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On the transmissibility of Eperythrozoon suis by Stomoxys calcitrans and Aedes aegypti

Cited by 58 publications

References 14 publications

16S rRNA Gene-Based Identification of Midgut Bacteria from Field-Caught Anopheles gambiae Sensu Lato and A. funestus Mosquitoes Reveals New Species Related to Known Insect Symbionts

16S rRNA Gene-Based Identification of Midgut Bacteria from Field-Caught Anopheles gambiae Sensu Lato and A. funestus Mosquitoes Reveals New Species Related to Known Insect Symbionts

Identification, Molecular Characterization, and Occurrence of Two Bovine Hemoplasma Species in Swiss Cattle and Development of Real-Time TaqMan Quantitative PCR Assays for Diagnosis of Bovine Hemoplasma Infections

A review of the occurrence of hemoplasmas (hemotrophic mycoplasmas) in Brazil

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