“…The case studies considered for this study form part of SHOWTIME research programme [17][18][19][20][21]. As part of this programme, different hybrid towers were studied.…”
Section: Case Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As part of this programme, different hybrid towers were studied. In order to ensure structural and economical efficiency, but also feasibility of the manufacturing and erection process, two optimised hybrid towers have been suggested [17][18][19][20][21]. The latter are shown in Figure 2 and will be the focus of research in this study.…”
Section: Case Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As part of the preliminary design, the total number of bolted connections required for each tower have been approximated, leading to a larger number of bolts for the 4-legged structure, owing to the more complex bracing configuration. Note that the tower connections have not been presented in detail herein, whilst additional information on their design, detailing and geometry can be found at [17][18][19][20][21].…”
Section: Case Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Jovašević et al [17,18] performed a structural optimisation, examining a range of bracing systems, a number of connections and various dimensions of columns, thereby resulting in a series of optimised hybrid configurations. For the optimised geometries, an aeroelastic analysis was carried out [19] and the structural performance of the wind turbine towers under normal and extreme operating conditions, ensuring adequate structural robustness, was investigated. Focusing on the critical transition piece, which aims to transfer the dynamic and wind loads from the tubular to the lattice part and subsequently to the foundation, a rigorous numerical study considering fatigue loading conditions was carried out [20].…”
Increasing needs for taller wind turbines with bigger capacities, intended for places with high wind velocities or at higher altitudes, have led to new technologies in the wind energy industry. A recently introduced structural system for onshore wind turbine towers is the hybrid steel tower. Comprehension of the environmental response of this hybrid steel structural system is warranted. Even though life cycle assessments (LCAs) for conventional wind turbine tubular towers exist, the environmental performance of this new hybrid structure has not been reported. The present paper examines the LCA of 185 m tall hybrid towers. Considerations made for the LCA procedure are meticulously described, including particular attention at the erection and transportation stage. The highest environmental impacts arise during the manufacturing stage followed by the erection stage. The tower is the component with the largest carbon emissions and energy requirements. The obtained LCA footprints of hybrid towers are also compared to the literature data on conventional towers, resulting in similar environmental impacts.
“…The case studies considered for this study form part of SHOWTIME research programme [17][18][19][20][21]. As part of this programme, different hybrid towers were studied.…”
Section: Case Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As part of this programme, different hybrid towers were studied. In order to ensure structural and economical efficiency, but also feasibility of the manufacturing and erection process, two optimised hybrid towers have been suggested [17][18][19][20][21]. The latter are shown in Figure 2 and will be the focus of research in this study.…”
Section: Case Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As part of the preliminary design, the total number of bolted connections required for each tower have been approximated, leading to a larger number of bolts for the 4-legged structure, owing to the more complex bracing configuration. Note that the tower connections have not been presented in detail herein, whilst additional information on their design, detailing and geometry can be found at [17][18][19][20][21].…”
Section: Case Studiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Jovašević et al [17,18] performed a structural optimisation, examining a range of bracing systems, a number of connections and various dimensions of columns, thereby resulting in a series of optimised hybrid configurations. For the optimised geometries, an aeroelastic analysis was carried out [19] and the structural performance of the wind turbine towers under normal and extreme operating conditions, ensuring adequate structural robustness, was investigated. Focusing on the critical transition piece, which aims to transfer the dynamic and wind loads from the tubular to the lattice part and subsequently to the foundation, a rigorous numerical study considering fatigue loading conditions was carried out [20].…”
Increasing needs for taller wind turbines with bigger capacities, intended for places with high wind velocities or at higher altitudes, have led to new technologies in the wind energy industry. A recently introduced structural system for onshore wind turbine towers is the hybrid steel tower. Comprehension of the environmental response of this hybrid steel structural system is warranted. Even though life cycle assessments (LCAs) for conventional wind turbine tubular towers exist, the environmental performance of this new hybrid structure has not been reported. The present paper examines the LCA of 185 m tall hybrid towers. Considerations made for the LCA procedure are meticulously described, including particular attention at the erection and transportation stage. The highest environmental impacts arise during the manufacturing stage followed by the erection stage. The tower is the component with the largest carbon emissions and energy requirements. The obtained LCA footprints of hybrid towers are also compared to the literature data on conventional towers, resulting in similar environmental impacts.
“…Small WT towers may be made of concrete [36]. Structural response of a hybrid onshore WT tower of lattice structure on the bottom and tubular structure on the top is investigated [37]. The structural response of steel tubular WT tower can be analyzed by Finite Element Method (FEM) [38].…”
With the increase of wind power capacity worldwide, researchers are focusing their attention on the operation and maintenance of wind turbines. A proper pitch controller must be designed to extend the life cycle of a wind turbine's blades and tower. The pitch control system has two main, but conflicting, objectives: to maximize the wind energy captured and converted into electrical energy and to minimize fatigue and mechanical load. Four metrics have been proposed to balance these two objectives. Also, diverse pitch controller strategies are proposed in this paper to evaluate these objectives. This paper proposes a novel metrics approach to achieve the conflicting objectives with a maintenance focus. It uses a 100 kW wind turbine as a case study to simulate the proposed pitch control strategies and evaluate with the metrics proposed. The results are showed in two tables due to two different wind models are used.
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