“…The dimensionless diameter of the splashing droplets mainly locates in the ranges of 0 ≤ D s / D p ≤ 0.3 with the peak between 0.03 and 0.12, and the dimensionless velocity mainly locates in the ranges of 0 ≤ U s / U p ≤ 3 with the peak between 0.6 and 1.2. Zhan et al [44] observed that the size of the maximum splashing droplet is approximately 25% of the impact drop diameter, and Li et al [17] and Burzynski et al [6] showed that the maximum velocity of the splashing droplets can be 3 to 6 times of the impact drop velocity, similar to our results. Fig.…”
The report of COVID-19 virus in municipal wastewater raises the question of whether viruses can become airborne during wastewater transport in sewer systems. The present work experimentally investigates a water jet impinging vertically onto a horizontal plate and the behaviours of the generated tiny droplets. Depending on whether the jet breaks into primary drops before the impingement, three regimes can be defined: non-splashing, jet-splashing and drop-splashing regimes. The splashing ratio, i.e., the portion of jet flow rate becoming splashing droplets, ranges from 1% – 70% in the drop-splashing regime, while it remains less than 2% in the jet-splashing regime. For the splashing droplets, their size and velocity distributions follow log-normal laws. Their diameters are mainly in the range from 0 to 0.3 of the impact jet or drop diameter with the median less than 0.1. Their velocities mostly range from 0 to 3.0 times of the impact velocity with the median around 1.0. The medians of both the dimensionless diameter and velocity of splashing droplets decrease with the impact Weber number. The ejection angles of splashing droplets obey a bell-shaped distribution with the maximum around 70° and the median ranging from 16° to 30°.
“…The dimensionless diameter of the splashing droplets mainly locates in the ranges of 0 ≤ D s / D p ≤ 0.3 with the peak between 0.03 and 0.12, and the dimensionless velocity mainly locates in the ranges of 0 ≤ U s / U p ≤ 3 with the peak between 0.6 and 1.2. Zhan et al [44] observed that the size of the maximum splashing droplet is approximately 25% of the impact drop diameter, and Li et al [17] and Burzynski et al [6] showed that the maximum velocity of the splashing droplets can be 3 to 6 times of the impact drop velocity, similar to our results. Fig.…”
The report of COVID-19 virus in municipal wastewater raises the question of whether viruses can become airborne during wastewater transport in sewer systems. The present work experimentally investigates a water jet impinging vertically onto a horizontal plate and the behaviours of the generated tiny droplets. Depending on whether the jet breaks into primary drops before the impingement, three regimes can be defined: non-splashing, jet-splashing and drop-splashing regimes. The splashing ratio, i.e., the portion of jet flow rate becoming splashing droplets, ranges from 1% – 70% in the drop-splashing regime, while it remains less than 2% in the jet-splashing regime. For the splashing droplets, their size and velocity distributions follow log-normal laws. Their diameters are mainly in the range from 0 to 0.3 of the impact jet or drop diameter with the median less than 0.1. Their velocities mostly range from 0 to 3.0 times of the impact velocity with the median around 1.0. The medians of both the dimensionless diameter and velocity of splashing droplets decrease with the impact Weber number. The ejection angles of splashing droplets obey a bell-shaped distribution with the maximum around 70° and the median ranging from 16° to 30°.
“…2. It has been shown in Burzynski et al (2020) that the splash after high-speed drop impact is caused not necessarily by the rim instability, as in Fig. 1, but by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of the free liquid sheet.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 92%
“…The freezing and solidification of a supercooled drop on a solid substrate occur in stages, the first being the fast expansion of a cloud of thin ice dendrites from the embryo ice crystal reaching a critical size (Libbrecht 2017). During their formation, the dendrites release heat into the surrounding bulk liquid until an equilibrium is reached, leaving 2 Comparison of the phenomena of corona splash (left image of an ethanol drop impact with initial drop diameter D 0 = 2.5 mm and impact velocity U 0 = 13 m/s) and prompt splash (right image of a distilled water drop impact with D 0 = 3.7 mm and U 0 = 10 m/s) captured using a high-speed video system (from Burzynski et al 2020). The dimensionless time after the impact instant is defined as = tU 0 ∕D 0 .…”
The mass of liquid remaining on a substrate following a drop impact is a crucial quantity for modelling of numerous phenomena, e.g. spray cooling, spray coating or aircraft icing. In the present study, a method to measure this residual mass after impact of liquid drops is introduced. This method is also applicable to supercooled drops, which may freeze upon impact on cold surfaces. Using the data obtained from extensive measurements in which the size, impact speed and temperature of the drops was varied, a modelling of the residual mass is formulated, following closely the theory of Riboux and Gordillo (Phys Rev Lett 113(2):024507, 2014. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.024507). A key adaptation of this model accounts for the deformation of drops immediately prior to impact. This modified theoretical model results in very good agreement with experiments, allowing prediction of residual mass for a given impact situation.
Graphical abstract
“…corona splashing and here we will focus on determining the conditions under which the drops keep their integrity and spread or they break and splash, ejecting faster droplets. Usually, whenever the impact velocity is slightly larger than the splash velocity, many tiny droplets can be depicted in the experimental images (Riboux & Gordillo 2015), with the total volume of the liquid ejected increasing with V, as described in Burzynski, Roisman & Bansmer (2020), who quantified their observations in terms of the parameter β defined in Riboux & Gordillo (2014).…”
Section: Experimental Set-up and Phenomenologymentioning
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