On the settling of marine carbonate grains: Review and challenges

Kruijf, Max de; Slootman, Arnoud; Boer, Rosa A. de; Reijmer, John J.G.

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103532

Cited by 27 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 242 publications

(729 reference statements)

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“…Equations representing threshold of motion stresses typically replicate flow conditions occurring during incipient movement of spherical or near‐spherical particles of quartz density (Miller et al ., 1977; Li & Amos, 1995; Soulsby & Whitehouse, 1997; Soulsby, 1997; Paphitis, 2001; Porter‐Smith et al ., 2004; Griffin et al ., 2008; Wiberg & Sherwood, 2008; Li et al ., 2009; Dalyander et al ., 2013; Oberle et al ., 2014). However, natural marine sediments commonly have varied amounts of biogenic particles of non‐uniform size and shape, leading to thresholds of motion strongly differing from those of uniform quartz particles (Paphitis et al ., 2002; Weill et al ., 2010; Rieux et al ., 2019; de Kruijf et al ., 2021). Experiments show that stresses at the threshold of motion can also differ greatly with grain shape (Komar & Reimers, 1978; Komar & Li, 1986; Prager et al ., 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wave‐influenced deposition of carbonate‐rich sediment on the insular shelf of Santa Maria Island, Azores

et al. 2022

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Formulae for sediment thresholds of motion are commonly based on flume experiments on rounded quartz particles and it is unclear how well they predict thresholds in natural settings. Here, sediment threshold shear stresses were calculated from one such formula using surface grain‐size data from 112 sites around Santa Maria Island, Azores. To compare with those stresses, a Simulating Waves Nearshore model was run for three typical winter months to predict shelf stress maxima due to waves. As wind‐driven and other circulations also increase stresses, the model predictions are under‐estimates. Comparison of the two stress estimates suggests that the whole shelf of the island was mobile during extreme conditions. However, three forms of evidence contradict this. First, 129 rollovers of sandy clinoforms lying in 30 to 200 m water depths around the island were identified from boomer seismic data. It has been suggested that such rollovers mark depths at which hydrodynamic stresses fall beneath the sediment threshold of motion. Second, differences in grain‐size diversity between carbonate‐free and whole sediment indicate where carbonate particle fragmentation occurs. Third, seabed images reveal variations in ripple character and presence. The combined data suggest that deposition has occurred in the middle and outer shelf, overlapping where the model predicts sediment mobilization. However, by decreasing the model bottom shear stress or increasing the shear stress at threshold of motion by a factor of two to three, deposition is predicted to have occurred immediately deeper than the shallow active rollovers. Therefore, in practice, the ratio of wave‐imposed shear stress to stress at threshold of motion is two to three times smaller than predicted. This is speculated to be due to the presence of widespread hard substrates and other features shielding particles between them from wave stresses. Alternatively, the threshold of motion is higher than expected from the formulae for these sediments dominated by bioclastic particles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wave‐influenced deposition of carbonate‐rich sediment on the insular shelf of Santa Maria Island, Azores

et al. 2022

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“…(2019) and de Kruijf et al . (2021; and references therein). These parametrizations were easily translated habitat‐wide for environments with a single dominant producer, such as ooids within shoals, mud from whiting events and coral fragments produced by patch reefs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating sedimentation on the Great Bahama Bank – Sources, sinks and storms

et al. 2022

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This study developed a high‐fidelity hydrodynamic simulation of sediment production, transport and deposition for the Great Bahama Bank. This model was run with a time‐step of 15 min for the entirety of 2016, forced by tides, off‐platform circulation and wind. Encompassed in this run are 364 days of fair‐weather conditions and two days when the passage of Category 4 Matthew brought hurricane‐force winds to the platform. This simulation therefore offers an excellent opportunity to contrast the sway of fair‐weather and storm‐weather conditions on sculpting the facies arrangement atop this 100 000 km2 shallow‐water carbonate platform. The work suggests that fair‐weather conditions are sufficient to deliver the platform's broad‐scale facies patterns. Even the lethargic currents of the platform interior can move mud (<63 μm) over 200 km from its source over the course of one year. Intense focusing of tidal currents between islands and close to the platform margin are ample to move coarse grains (>450 μm), at least locally, as is necessary to produce the vast ooid fairways for which the Great Bahama Bank is famed. Even at the height of Hurricane Matthew, average current speeds in these tidally‐dominated areas do not exceed the speeds simulated for fair‐weather conditions. Hence, the hurricane has negligible effect in these high‐energy areas. The hurricane does not have zero impact, though. For up to 110 km either side of the storm's track, winds exceeding 26 m/s induce currents that winnow mud over longer distances than delivered by fair‐weather conditions. Hence, the storm has a sedimentological signature which, albeit minor, might propagate into the depositional architecture of the platform when scaled over many storms through geological time. This work informs on the role of uniformitarianism versus catastrophism on carbonate sedimentation and casts doubt on geological interpretations of coarse‐grained storm deposits (tempestites) atop shallow‐water platforms.

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“…De Kruijf et al . (2021) provided a clear summary and extensive discussion of the factors that determine the sediment transport capacity of carbonate grains. They demonstrated that shape, size and density of the individual grains are the main factors during sediment transport.…”

Section: Sediment Sorting and Grain Roundnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, ecological accommodation merely is another term for the different growth strategies of carbonate factories in response to varying environmental conditions as reflected in the differences in sediment production, cementation processes, grain-size variations, slope shapes and ultimately platform morphologies. The hydrodynamic threshold for the different carbonate factories will vary as the factories will have different sediment production strategies, for example, compare T-factories with their reefs at the platform margin with C-factories with loose transportable grains (James, 1997;Schlager, 2005;Reijmer, 2021), or with M-factories with their upper-slope dominated sediment production realm (Della Porta et al, 2003;Kenter et al, 2005). The interpretation of features associated with physical accommodation or hydrodynamic thresholds, for example, storm wave base or fair-weather wave base, must be made with the utmost care as the physical sedimentology and stratigraphy of these processes in modern environments may be comparable (Peters & Loss, 2012), and merely may be the expression of variations in geomorphologyhydrodynamics-sediment linkages (Neal et al, 2021;Rankey & Appendini, 2022).…”

Section: Physical And/or Ecological Accommodationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comment on Brandano et al. (2022) – Introduction of ‘Understanding carbonate factories through palaeoecological and sedimentological signals – Tribute to Luis Pomar’, Sedimentology, 69, 5–23

Reijmer

2022

Sedimentology

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On the settling of marine carbonate grains: Review and challenges

Cited by 27 publications

References 242 publications

Wave‐influenced deposition of carbonate‐rich sediment on the insular shelf of Santa Maria Island, Azores

Wave‐influenced deposition of carbonate‐rich sediment on the insular shelf of Santa Maria Island, Azores

Simulating sedimentation on the Great Bahama Bank – Sources, sinks and storms

Comment on Brandano et al. (2022) – Introduction of ‘Understanding carbonate factories through palaeoecological and sedimentological signals – Tribute to Luis Pomar’, Sedimentology, 69, 5–23

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